The communities of middle taiga spruce forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) and secondary communities formed after winter clearcuttings are described (Fig. 1) and classified according Braun-Blanquet (1964) approach using 81 relevés. Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg et al., 1991) were used to assess lighting (L), soil moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen (N). The ordination was carried out using the NMS method. Both primary forest and secondary communities are classified as the alliance Piceion excelsae Pawłowskiet al. 1928 within the order Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928 in the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939. We described 2 associations (incl. 1 new), 3 subassociations (2 new), 2 varieties (1 new), 2 subvarieties, and 2 communities. Ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting place, swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E, 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. Diagnostic species (DS): Aulacomnium palustre, Calamagrostis purpurea, Carex globularis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum angustifolium. The association includes «young» (succession stage 1(2)-17(18) years after cutting) secondary communities, formed at the swaths and skidding trails. The absence of tree stand results in the increased lighting and soil moisture, which explains an invasion of heliophile and water-resistant species of vascular plants and mosses. After cutting, DS of the primary association and subassociation almost disappear, but those of class and order remain. Species number — 23–54, average — 38. There are 2 subassociations within aasociation. Subass. A. p.–C. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2 relevés 1–16, Fig. 3). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting of spruce herb-bilberry-green moss forest at the swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E , 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. No own DS. The subassociation includes communities at the swath and skidding trails of 1(2)-year cutting place with poor species richness in comparison with primary forests. Number of species 20–27, average – 24. Subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2, relevés 17–27, Fig. 4). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco), relevé 25 (field № 13-УК), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, 17-year cutting place, swath (61.99389° N, 54.14778° E , 17.09.2019, author I. A. Likhanova. DS: Avenella flexuosa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus arcticus.The subassociation includes communities of swaths and skidding trails at 17(18)-year cutting place enriched by heliophile and water-resistant species. The forming forest environment is the reason of high abundance of forest species and emergence of several diagnostic species of primary association and subassociation. The cutting remains are overgrown by epigeous mosses and lichens. Species number — 24–45, average — 33. Community Carex brunnescens (Table 3, relevés 1–12, Fig. 5). DS: Carex brunnescens (dominant), C. canescens, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella cerviculata (dominant). Syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail at 1(2)-year cutting place. Despite high abundance of diagnostic species of the ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae, we can’t include the relevés into the association due to high diversity of early succession species and low abundance of DS of both the class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and the order Piceetalia excelsae. There are numerous undergrowth of Betula pubescens (18 thousand ind./ha). Herb-dwarf shrub and moss layers are formed by pioneer, heliophile and water-resistant species. Forest dwarf shrubs, herbs and mosses occur on the litter remnants. Species number — 20–34, average — 27. Community Salix caprea. (Table 3, relevés 13–22, Fig. 6). DS: Agrostis gigantea, A. tenuis, Carex rhynchophysa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Epilobium palustre, Juncus filiformis, Populus tremula, Salix caprea (dominant), S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia, Sphagnum russowii. The syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail of 17(18)-year cutting place. The presence of DS of ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae and subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae as well as the prevalence of water resistant and early succession species and low abundance of DS of class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and order Piceetalia excelsae are character. Tree stand is formed by young trees of Betula pubescens (mean density is 21 thousand ind./ha). Shrub layer is formed by wiilows. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is dominated by species, preferring water logging, and species of disturbed habitats. Species number — 36–45, average — 40. Subass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens (Table 1, relevés 13–22). DS: Betula pubescens (dominant), Milium effusum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. The variant includes communities at 48(49)-year cutting place. The tree lyer height and crown density are comparable to those of the indigenous spruce forest, however, the proportion of birch is higher. Vascular plant DS of ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis and subass. dryopteridetosum are registered, but the abundance of moss DS is low. Many forest species become abundant in the herb-dwarf shrub layer. Moss layer is inhibited by leaf litter. Species number — 29–45, average — 36. There are 2 subvarieties: typica (communities at the swath and skidding trails) and Calamagrostis purpurea (main skidding trail). The scheme of vegetation succession after clearcuttings of spruce small herb-bilberry-green moss forests (Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) (Fig. 10) is made on the results of NMS-ordination (Fig. 9) and the data on the restoration period and preferences of syntaxa to the certain technological elements of the cutting place. The following succession series are described: at the swaths and skidding trails — Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae typicum → A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. typica → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica; at the skidding trails – community Carex brunnescens →community Salix caprea → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. Calamagrostis purpurea → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica. In communities of different ages at swaths and skidding trails, the species richness of vascular plants (16–18 species/100 m2) and mosses (8–10 species/100 m2) is lower compare to the primary spruce forest (19 and 14 species/100 m2 respectively). The species richness of vascular plants at 17-year and 48-year communities of the main skidding trails (27 species/100 m2) is higher than in the primary forest due to the invasion of pioneer, meadow and mire species; that of mosses is lower (8–12 species/100 m2). Thus, the cutting has a negative impact on species diversity, which is expressed in forest species loss. The floristic composition of the disturbed forest community is not restored even fifty years after anthropogenic impact.
The present study continues a series of publications of the authors on diversity of the meadow vegetation in the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers and their tributaries (Komi Republic). The floristic classification of wet meadows of the order Molinietalia Koch 1926 was published early (Shushpanikova, Yamalov, 2013). The results of floristic classification of meadow vegetation belonging to the order Arrhenatheretalia R. Tx. 1937 are discussed in this article. Analysis was based on 383 original relevés of the meadow vegetation of the order Arrhenatheretalia made in accordance with principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet, 1964; Mirkin and Naumova, 1998). The studies were performed in the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers and their tributaries (Sysola, Kazhym, Pozheg, Viled, Usa, Colva, Synya, Sebys, Ilych, Syuzyu, Shchugor). The descriptions were conducted at the study plots of 10×10 m. Plant communities of small size were described within the natural limits. A location, dimensions of community, species composition, species saturation, composition of dominant and co-dominant species, total coverage and height of grass stand, aboveground phytomass production were identified. The abundance of species in meadow communities was recorded using the J. Braun-Blanquet method: r — species occurs sporadically, + — minor species, total coverage less than 1 %, 1 — 1–5 %, 2 — 6–25 % 3 — 26–50 %, 4 — 51–75 %, 5 — 76–100 %. The assessment of environmental parameters was performed by ecological methods of L. G. Ramensky (Ramensky et al., 1956). Syntaxonomic diversity of the meadow vegetation of the order Arrhenatheretalia of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers floodplains presented by 2 unions (Cynosurion R. Tx. 1947 и Festucion pratensis Sipaylova et al. 1985), 7 associations (Festucetum ovinae Turubanova 1986, Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae Turubanova 1986, Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis Sillinger 1933, Festuceto pratensis–Dactyletum glomeratae Dymina 1989 in Korolyuk et Kiprijanova 1998, Amorio repens–Poetum pratensis ass. nov., Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis Maraculina 2009, Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis Yamalov 2011. Two new communities without rank are described (Agrostis vinealis, Hypericum maculatum–Phleum pratense). Most plant associations are heterogeneous by their floristic composition and they can be divided into 10 subassociations and 5 variants. The peculiarities of the floristic composition of the above mentioned associations, as well as their distribution and ecology are discussed. The distinguished associations are well differentiated by their elevation level on the floodplains. The meadow communities of Festucetum ovinae are located on the highest floodplains in the inland zone; there is Agrostis vinealis in the streamside zone of the floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis are located on the low floodplains in the streamside zone. The meadow communities of the associations Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae, Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis, Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis, Festuceto pratensis–Dactyletum glomeratae are occupied the medium level floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Amorio repens–Poetum pratensis are found at different locations of the floodplain; they are formed under grazing. The described meadows grow on the soils with different ecological indicators. The distinguished associations are differentiated by water level (52.2–73.0), average figures — 55.9–68.9. The meadow communities of the ass. Festucetum ovinae occupy the driest sites of the floodplain; the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis is located in the wettest floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis occupy most rich and alluvial soils. They are located on the low ridges in the middle zone of the floodplain and they are formed by annual flooding on alluvial deposits. The distinguished associations are differentiated by pH (4.2–8.0), average figures — 4.9–7.0. The meadow communities with Agrostis vinealis are occupied the most acidic soil. The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis are located on the neutral soils. The meadow communities of the most of associations occupy slightly acidic soils. The variability of moisture varies from alternating values to high values. The greatest differences in moisture are demonstrated by the communities of associations Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis and Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis located on middle manes on low and medium levels of the floodplains. The associations are differ by the scale of pasture digression in range 3.3–5.0, average figures — 3.8–4.9. The meadow communities with Agrostis vinealis have the highest rates of pasture digression (4.5–5.1). The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis have the smallest ones (3.5–3.9). A comparison of species composition of the syntaxa in Komi Republic with communities described in other regions of the Eastern Europe and the Asian part of Russia was carried out. It was shown that the meadow communities of the Komi Republic have low species diversity. Species richness of meadow communities is less than 39 species on trial area. The meadow communities of the ass. Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae are the richest. 195 vascular plant species are recorded in 213 geobotanical descriptions of the order Arrhenatheretalia. The aboveground phytomass varies from 20–40 g/m2 (Festucetum ovinae) to 520 g/m2 (Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae).
No abstract
Изучено влияние сенокошения и выпаса на состояние пойменных лугов реки Вычегда. Проанализированы закономерности процессов постпастбищной демутации. Установлено, что структура луга (видовой состав, общее проективное покрытие и высота травостоя, урожайность) полностью восстанавливается за 5 лет. Скорость сукцессии в приречной зоне поймы незначительно выше, чем в приматериковой зоне.
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