New structural and petrological data have been obtained for the zone of Siberia-Kazakhstan oblique collision for Permian time. In terms of classical tectonics, the area coincides with the Zaisan folded area produced by closure of the Char paleo-ocean in the Late Carboniferous. However, the extent, structure, and composition of magmatism at the Carboniferous-Permian (280±10 Ma) and Permian-Triassic (250±5 Ma) boundaries require an active control from Morgan-type lower mantle plumes (Tarim and Siberian plumes). Structure formation in the lithosphere and heat sources of magmatism have been simulated in a 3D model including lithospheric strain rates (with regard to viscosity layering) and subcontinental upper mantle convection. According to our model, heat supply from slab break-off and/or delamination of lithosphere is insufficient to maintain large-scale mantle-crustal magmatism in the case of oblique collision between 80–100 km thick plates (“soft collision”). The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Altai is considered as a model of a large hot shear zone, a particular structure produced by interference of plate- and plume-tectonic processes. Special attention is given to structural and petrological markers of plume tectonics (reported for the case of the Altai collisional shear system), with their diagnostic features useful for understanding geodynamics of other similar regions.
New data on the conditions and time of formation of eclogites in the Atbashi Ridge (South Tien Shan) were obtained. The PT-conditions of crystallization of high-pressure minerals from eclogites have been established: 23–25 kbar, 510–570 °C. Analysis of fluid inclusions showed that the metamorphic processes of the eclogite formation involved salt-aqueous fluids (up to 6–12 wt.% NaCl). Primary fluid inclusions were trapped by omphacite and garnet on their high-pressure (23–25 kbar) crystallization. The pressures determined from thermodynamic data on the inclusions (6–7.2 kbar) reflect the adaptation of the host-mineral matrix to the decrease in ambient parameters, which led to the fluid re-equilibration in the inclusions. The pseudosecondary inclusions in omphacite, quartz, and garnet reflect the conditions of regressive processes running on the ascent of eclogites at pressures of up to 4.5–6.2 kbar. The stepwise 40Ar/39Ar dating showed that the high-pressure minerals from the Atbashi Ridge eclogites crystallized at 324–327 Ma. Data on trace and rare-earth elements indicate that the protoliths of two established types of eclogites (with characteristics of N-MORB and plateau basalts) formed synchronously as a result of the interaction of MOR magmatic systems with plateau-basaltic plume magmatism. These protoliths were basic paleo-oceanic complexes, whose fragments are localized as ophiolites in the Atbashi Ridge structures. The maximum time gap between the formation of ancient oceanic crust and the eclogite metamorphism in the subduction zones of the studied associations is ~120 Myr.
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