This article estimates greenhouse gas emissions and global warming factors resulting from collection of municipal solid waste to the transfer stations or landfills in Istanbul for the year of 2015. The aim of this study is to quantify and compare diesel fuel consumption and estimate the greenhouse gas emissions and global warming factors associated with municipal solid waste collection of the 39 districts of Istanbul. Each district's greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the provision and combustion of diesel fuel was estimated by considering the number of collection trips and distances to municipal solid waste facilities. The estimated greenhouse gases and global warming factors for the districts varied from 61.2 to 2759.1 t CO-eq and from 4.60 to 15.20 kg CO-eq t, respectively. The total greenhouse gas emission was estimated as 46.4E3 t CO-eq. Lastly, the collection data from the districts was used to parameterise a collection model that can be used to estimate fuel consumption associated with municipal solid waste collection. This mechanistic model can then be used to predict future fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with municipal solid waste collection based on projected population, waste generation, and distance to transfer stations and landfills. The greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by decreasing the trip numbers and trip distances, building more transfer stations around the city, and making sure that the collection trucks are full in each trip.
a b s t r a c tLandfills cause various problems for local authorities, such as contamination of soil and water with toxins, the formation of leachate and the release of landfill gases. More economical and applicable innovative solutions to overcome these problems will be an advantage for local authorities. One of the problems that local authorities face during the operation of landfills is the cost of leachate treatment due to high energy consumption. The objective of this study is, with the use of two laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactors, to improve leachate quality by using a polymeric geotextile (GT) material placed horizontally in the drainage layer of a lab-scale landfill bioreactor (LBR). The simulated LBR equipped with the geotextile filter (LBR-GT) achieved faster leachate quality improvement than the control reactor (LBR-C). Scanning electron microscope images showed that the GT filters allowed the biofilm to grow not only on the surface but also in the interior pores, which increased the interactions between the biomass and the organics. In this way, the leachate quality improved in a short time as a result of the high biomass growth in the GT filter. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), the 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), the pH, the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and other operating parameters in the leachate were regularly monitored. The LBR-GT reached a -300 mV ORP value on the 54th day, while the LBR-C reached the same ORP value on the 145th day. After 208 d of anaerobic incubation, the removal rates for the COD and BOD 5 in LBR-C were 93% and 96%, respectively, whereas in the LBR-GT, the removal rates were 96% and 99%, respectively. The main result of this study was that the LBR-GT took only 90 d to reach 90% COD removal rate, whereas the LBR-C took 166 d to reach the same removal rate.
Optimising the methane production period is a better way to control the greenhouse gas impact of landfill gas (LFG). This study aims to enhance biodegradation and methane production. Two bioreactors are used to evaluate the rate of LFG production and waste stabilisation. The simulated bioreactor is equipped with a geotextile filter (LBR-GT) and showed a better performance than the control bioreactor (LBR-C). A total of 1194 L and 1128 L of LFG were produced from the LBR-GT and the LBR-C respectively. This study showed that the LFG production is enhanced since the LBR-GT produced 85%
Bioreactors are commonly used apparatuses generally equipped with several built-in specifications for the investigation of biological treatment studies. Each bioreactor test may require different types of specialty such as heating, agitation, re-circulation and some further technologies like online sensoring. Even thought, there are many ready-to-use fabricated bioreactors available in the market with a cost usually over than 1000 €, it is often not possible to access those advanced (but inflexible) systems for many students, young-researchers or small-scale private R&D companies. In this work, a new low cost (≈100€) packed-bed anaerobic bioreactor was developed, and all methodological details including open-source coding and 3D design files are shared with informative descriptions. Some preliminary tests were conducted to verify the developed bioreactor system's credibility in terms of leak-tightness, accurate gas monitoring, temperature controlling, and mass balance (COD-eq) coverage, which all have shown a very promising performance. A consistent model bioreactor that will be called as “tetrapod” was developed for anaerobic treatment of challenging substrates such as pyrolytic liquids. Coarse biochar grains were used as an organic packing material to stimulate the microbial bioconversion by increasing the active surface area for the attached-growth anaerobic mixed microbial culture (MMC). An open-source Arduino based digital gasometer was developed for online monitoring of biogas change in the lab-scale system. Arduino was also used as a digital controller for maintaining pulse-mode liquid recirculation of the bioreactor.
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