Aims: To identify and compare microbiota in Chinese liquor Daqu, which were produced in the different regions using different production process.
Methods and Results: The DNA exacted from Daqu samples was used as a template for PCR with universal primers of 16S rRNA, 26S rRNA and 18S rRNA, respectively. The amplicons were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). It was observed that the bacterial DGGE profile indicated high diversity and predominance of lactic acid bacteria. The results showed that Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Pichia anomal were dominant yeast species and that several non‐Saccharomyces yeasts including Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Issatchenkia orientalis and Trichosporon asahii were also detected. As for fungal DGGE, Aspergillus oryzae and Absidia blakesleeana were the most common species amongst different samples. Based on the DGGE analysis, a few differences in community structure were found between Daqu samples.
Conclusions: A variety of bacteria, yeast and moulds were identified in Daqu samples, in addition to the present knowledge obtained mainly through the traditional culture‐dependent methods. Moreover, production temperature played a more decisive role on the formation of micro‐organism composition in Daqu than geographical region.
Significance and Impact of the Study: PCR–DGGE technique was used in this study to fully observe and asses all microbial community (including bacteria, yeast and mould) in Chinese liquor Daqu for the first time and proved to be effective in profiling Daqu microbial diversity.
Pharmaceutical co-crystals involving two active pharmaceutical ingredients are rarely revealed in the literature. In this work, crystal engineering principles were exercised to guide the design and synthesis of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System class IV drug dapsone (DAP). We reported six drug−drug co-crystals of DAP with sulfanilamide, flavone, luteolin, caffeine in 1:1 stoichiometry, caffeine in 1:2 stoichiometry, and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone. Bioactive coformers were deliberately selected. The resulting co-crystals were fully characterized by a range of analytical technologies, including X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis, etc. Single-crystal structure analysis reveals that reoccurring supramolecular synthons are observed in different DAP co-crystals. Equilibrium solubility and intrinsic dissolution rates were also compared with those of the parent drug. This work expands the pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms of DAP and supplements the successful cases of drug−drug co-crystals.
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