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Electrical energy consumption is an important component of energy consumption for internal combustion engine vehicle, which directly affects the fuel economy. A bus-based electrical energy management system is built, and an electrical energy management strategy based on driving cycle recognition and electrical load perception is presented to achieve the refined management of vehicle energy. Six typical driving cycles are selected to establish an improved learning vector quantization neural network model for driving cycle recognition. The corresponding model training algorithm is designed by utilizing a similar driving cycle classification and the gradient optimization so that the better recognition accuracy and the less computation intensity can be obtained. An online recognition mechanism based on sliding time window is devised, and the optimal time window length is determined. To minimize fuel consumption, a dynamic optimal regulation strategy for the output power of the alternator and battery, which considers driving cycle recognition and electrical load perception, is proposed. Experimental results show that the strategy can effectually improve the vehicle fuel economy according to the driving cycle and the electrical load change and decrease the fuel consumption per 100 miles of vehicle.

FlexRay has been extensively applied to safety-critical systems, such as powertrain, chassis, and X-by-wire system in vehicles. Its transmission reliability considerably influences vehicle safety. In this study, frame coding and media access control in the FlexRay protocol are analyzed, and calculation equations are deduced for the length of time slot and coded frame of FlexRay. Redundant transmission of FlexRay static frame is introduced to solve the transmission failure caused by the bit error in the physical layer, and the transmission reliability of a static segment is defined for the mechanism. Considering the demands on transmission reliability and network schedulability, the configuration of FlexRay parameters, including communication cycle, time slot allocation, and segment length, is formulated as a generalized optimization problem with constraints on predefined transmission reliability and response time of messages. A Reliability-Based Parameter Optimization algorithm and its sub-algorithms, Response Time of Dynamic Segment and Slot Allocation for the Predefined Reliability, are presented to approximately solve the optimization model. Experiment results validate the proposed method, which can efficiently improve the transmission reliability and guarantee the real-time performance of the FlexRay network.

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State of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of batteries are the indispensable control decision variables for online energy management system (EMS) in modern internal combustion engine vehicles. The real-time and accurate determination of SOC and SOH is essential to the reliability and safety of EMS operation. Obtaining good accuracy for the SOC estimation is difficult without considering SOH because of their coupling relationship. Although several works on the joint estimation of SOC and SOH of lithium–ion batteries are available, these studies cannot be applied to lead–acid batteries because of the differences in physical structure and characteristics. This study handles the problem of modeling the relationship between SOC and SOH of lead–acid battery and their online collaborative estimation. First, the structure and control strategy of a bus-based EMS is discussed, and the improper energy control actions of EMS due to the inaccurate SOC estimation are analyzed. Second, an instantaneous correlation factor β for SOC and SOH is defined as a new state estimating variable, and the simplified linear relationship model between β and open circuit voltage is established through the battery experiments. Third, a discretized augmented system equation of β is deduced according to the relationship model and the Randles circuit model. The least square circuit parameter identification (LSCPI) algorithm is presented to identify the time-varying circuit model parameters, while the adaptive Kalman filter for augmented system (AKFAS) algorithm is employed to estimate β online. A collaborative estimation algorithm is proposed on the basis of the LSCPI and AKFAS to determine SOC and SOH of lead–acid battery in real time, and a demo intelligent battery sensor is developed for its implementation. The results of battery charging and discharging experiments indicate that the proposed method has high accuracy. The estimation accuracy of SOC of this method reaches 3.13%, which is 7% higher than that of the existing method.

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