In this work, a glucose fuel cell was fabricated using microfabrication processes assigned for microelectromechanical systems. The fuel cell was equipped with a microchannel to flow an aqueous solution of glucose. The cell was fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, and its porous carbon-coated aluminum (Al) electrodes of 2.8 mm in width and 11 mm in length were formed using photolithography and screen printing techniques. Porous carbon was deposited by screen printing of carbon black ink on the Al electrode surfaces in order to increase the effective electrode surface area and to absorb more enzymes on the electrode surfaces. The microchannel with a depth of 200 μm was fabricated using a hot embossing technique. A maximum power of 0.45 μW at 0.5 V that corresponds to a power density of 1.45 μW/cm 2 was realized by introducing a 200 mM concentrated glucose solution at room temperature.

In this study, we fabricated a flexible, stretchable glucose-biofuel cell with silver nanowires (AgNWs) on a dimethylpolysiloxane substrate. The biofuel cell investigated consists of a porous carbon anode (area of 30 mm 2 ) modified by glucose oxidase and ferrocene, and a cathode (area of 30 mm 2 ) modified by bilirubin oxidase. The anode and the cathode were connected with AgNWs. The maximum power of 0.29 μW at 180 mV, which corresponds to a power density of 0.98 μW/cm 2 , is realized by immersing the biofuel cell in a phosphate buffer solution with a glucose concentration of 100 mM, at room temperature.

We used microelectromechanical system techniques to fabricate a miniature ascorbic acid fuel cell (AAFC) equipped with a microchannel for the circulation of ascorbic acid solution (AAS). The fuel cell was fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, and a porous carbon-coated aluminum (Al) anode with the dimensions of 2.8 ×1 mm 2 and a porous carbon-coated Al cathode with the dimension of 2.8 ×10 mm 2 were fabricated using photolithography and screen-printing techniques. The porous carbon was deposited by screen-printing carbon-black ink onto the Al electrode surfaces in order to increase the effective electrode surface areas and to absorb more enzymes (bilirubin oxidase) on the cathode surface. No enzyme was deposited on the carbon coated anode surface. The microchannel with a dimension of 3 ×11× 0.2 mm 3 was fabricated using a hot-embossing technique. The maximum power of 0.60 µW at 0.58 V, with a corresponding power density of 1.96 µW/cm 2 , was realized by introducing a 200 mM concentrated AA solution at the flow rate of 30 ml/min at room temperature. No degradation of the anode and cathode was observed up to the radius of curvature of 7.5 mm, which suggests the flexibility of the AAFC.

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