A significant level of interleukin-l-(IL-1)-like activity was detected in gingival crevicular fluid obtained from sites in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, confirming a previous report of IL-i-like activity detected in human gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontitis (
The displacement cross-sections, implemented in the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS), have been calculated to estimate the radiation damage in structural materials used at accelerator facilities. The event generator in PHITS was used to calculate displacement cross-sections for 14 elemental targets and two practical alloys irradiated with neutrons at energies from 10 −10 MeV to 3 GeV, and protons and deuterons at energies from several keV to 3 GeV. These displacement cross-sections were used to estimate the displacement per atom (DPA) in the target assembly at accelerator driven system (ADS) Target Test Facility (TEF-T) using 400-MeV protons, and in the Type 316 stainless steel target using 40-MeV deuterons. For the target assembly at TEF-T using 400-MeV protons, the DPA value for the proton component was approximately twice higher than that for the neutron component. For the Type 316 target using 40-MeV deuterons, radiation damage took place near the surface of Type 316 because of the Coulomb scattering effect between the incident deuterons and the material.
The impact of different spallation models and parametrisation of nucleon-nucleus interactions in the particle transport code PHITS on the nuclear characteristics of an accelerator-driven system (ADS) is investigated. Cutoff neutrons below 20 MeV calculated using the default option of the current spallation model (i.e. Liège intranuclear cascade (INC) model version 4.6, INCL4.6) are found to be 14% less than those calculated by the old spallation model (i.e. Bertini INC model). This decrease increases the proton beam current that drives the 800-MW thermal power and impacts various ADS parameters, including material damage, nuclear heating of the proton beam window and the inventory of spallation products. To validate these options based on the ADS neutronics design, we conduct benchmark calculations of the total and non-elastic cross sections, thick target neutron yields and activation reaction rate distributions. The results suggest that Pearlstein-Niita systematics, which is a default option of the nucleon-nucleus interaction parametrisation, would be the best option and that Bertini INC is better suited for cutoff neutrons than INCL4.6. However, because of the difficulty in making a definite conclusion on the spallation models, we conclude that relatively large uncertainty in the cutoff neutrons, which is the difference between the two spallation models (i.e. 14%), should be considered.
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