Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of the prostate gland. Cynanchum wilfordii has been reported to improve sexual behavior in male rats. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of an aqueous extract of C. wilfordii (CWW) against BPH development in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. The rats were divided into the following six groups: sham/vehicle; BPH/vehicle; BPH/finasteride; and three CWW doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). After a 4-week treatment with CWW, the rats were euthanized at scheduled times, and their prostates were weighed, followed by a histopathological examination. Prostate growth inhibition rates in rats administered CWW 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were 54.5%, 51.8%, and 50.1%, respectively. The BPH/CWW group showed decreased serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels compared to the BPH/vehicle group. Furthermore, the BPH/CWW group showed reduced prostate testosterone and DHT levels compared to the BPH/vehicle group. Mechanistically, the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed downregulated mRNA expression levels of the androgen receptor, 5α-reductase, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the BPH/CWW200 group compared with those in the testosterone-induced groups. In conclusion, these findings show the effectiveness of CWW in slowing the progression of testosterone-induced BPH in rats.
In this paper, we propose a frequency-domain estimating and time-domain compensating tone interference (TI) cancellation algorithm for direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. In the previous works, the interference signal is estimated and compensated in the frequency-domain and then, with IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform), the compensated frequency-domain signal is transformed to the time-domain signal for the remaining receiver operations. Unlike the previous works, the proposed algorithm estimate the TI signals in frequency-domain and compensates the resulting estimated TI signals in time-domain and thus, does not requires IFFT. Hence, the proposed algorithm not only shows the virtually identical performance but also requires lower hardware complexity compared to the schemes proposed in the previous works.
Keywords-tone interference cancellation, direct-sequence spread spectrum, fast Fourier transformI.
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