Thermal challenges in next-generation electronic systems, as identified through panel presentations and ensuing discussions at the workshop, Thermal Challenges in Next Generation Electronic Systems, held in Santa Fe, NM, January 7-10, 2007, are summarized in this paper. Diverse topics are covered, including electrothermal and multiphysics codesign of electronics, new and nanostructured materials, high heat flux thermal management, site-specific thermal management, thermal design of next-generation data centers, thermal challenges for military, automotive, and harsh environment electronic systems, progress and challenges in software tools, and advances in measurement and characterization. Barriers to further progress in each area that require the attention of the research community are identified.

Droplet departure frequency is investigated using environmental scanning electron microscopy with implications to enhancing the rate of dropwise condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces. Superhydrophobic surfaces, formed by cupric hydroxide nanostructures, allow the condensate to depart from a surface with a tilt angle of 30° from the horizontal. The resulting decrease in drop departure size shifts the drop size distribution to smaller radii, which may enhance the heat transfer rate during dropwise condensation. The heat transfer enhancement is estimated by modifying the Rose and Le Fevre drop distribution function to account for a smaller maximum droplet size on a superhydrophobic surface.

EN at a slow infusion is well tolerated by both NJ and NG routes in patients with SAP. Neither NJ nor NG feeding leads to recurrence or worsening of pain in SAP. Nutritional parameters remained unaffected because of inadequate calorie intake during the first week of feeding.

Early enteral feeding through NG was not inferior to NJ in patients with SAP. Infectious complications were within the noninferiority limit. Pain in refeeding, intestinal permeability, and endotoxemia were comparable in both groups.

Terlipressin is as effective as noradrenaline as a vasopressor in cirrhotics with septic shock and can serve as a useful drug. Terlipressin additionally provides early survival benefit and reduces the risk of variceal bleed. Lactate clearance is a better predictor of outcome even after achieving target MAP, suggesting the role of microcirculation in septic shock.