a b s t r a c tThe existence of peripheral oscillators has been shown, and they are critically important for organizing the metabolism of the whole body. Here we show that mice deficient in mPer2 markedly increase circulatory levels of insulin compared with wild type mice. Insulin secretion was more effectively stimulated by glucose, and alloxan, a glucose analogue, induced more severe hyperglycemia in mPer2-deficient mice. Hepatic insulin degrading enzyme (Ide) displayed an obvious day and night rhythm, which was impaired in mPer2-deficient mice, leading to a decrease in insulin clearance. Deficiency in mPer2 caused increased Clock expression and decreased expression of Mkp1 and Ide1, possibly underlying the observed phenotypes and suggesting that mPer2 plays a role in regulation of circulating insulin levels.
The photoelectrochemical redox battery (PRB) has been regarded as an alternative candidate for large‐scale solar energy capture, conversion, and storage as it combines the superior advantages of photoelectrochemical devices and redox batteries. As an emerging solar energy utilization technology, significant progress has been made towards promoting and proliferating the practical applications of PRBs. However, wide market penetration of PRBs is still being significantly inhibited by limited photocatalytic activity, low efficiency, among other critical issues. Furthermore, the integration of each component, including solar materials, redox couples, and membranes and their interaction in PRBs play vital roles towards achieving smooth operation and high performance. Herein, the materials, mechanisms, recent advances, and challenges in the use of PRBs are presented. The crucial influence of redox couples, photoelectrode materials, membranes on the performance of the system including how they affect solar energy capture, reaction kinetics, and internal losses are systematically discussed. In addition, the recent advances of a single‐battery of photoelectrode mode and an integrated device of solar cell mode are summarized. Furthermore, the state of the art performance of PRBs and their upscaling progress are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the future development of PRBs are highlighted.
DNA N6-methyladenine is an important type of DNA modification that plays important roles in multiple biological processes. Despite the recent progress in developing DNA 6mA site prediction methods, several challenges remain to be addressed. For example, although the hand-crafted features are interpretable, they contain redundant information that may bias the model training and have a negative impact on the trained model. Furthermore, although deep learning (DL)-based models can perform feature extraction and classification automatically, they lack the interpretability of the crucial features learned by those models. As such, considerable research efforts have been focused on achieving the trade-off between the interpretability and straightforwardness of DL neural networks. In this study, we develop two new DL-based models for improving the prediction of N6-methyladenine sites, termed LA6mA and AL6mA, which use bidirectional long short-term memory to respectively capture the long-range information and self-attention mechanism to extract the key position information from DNA sequences. The performance of the two proposed methods is benchmarked and evaluated on the two model organisms Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster. On the two benchmark datasets, LA6mA achieves an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) value of 0.962 and 0.966, whereas AL6mA achieves an AUROC value of 0.945 and 0.941, respectively. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the attention matrix is conducted to interpret the important information, which is hidden in the sequence and relevant for 6mA site prediction. The two novel pipelines developed for DNA 6mA site prediction in this work will facilitate a better understanding of the underlying principle of DL-based DNA methylation site prediction and its future applications.
Developing electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with pre-eminent activity and high selectivity at low overpotentials is very significant, but it still remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report an in situ-activated indium nanoelectrocatalyst derived from InOOH nanosheets for active and selective CO2RR at ultralow overpotentials. Such a catalyst delivers near-unity CO2RR selectivity with formate as the main product, in a wide low-overpotential window of −0.25∼−0.49 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE). Significantly, the CO2RR activity reaches 151 mA cm–2 at −0.45 V vs RHE, comparable to the state-of-the-art Au-based catalysts. Impressively, full-cell CO2 electrolysis implements a record-high electricity-to-fuel energy-conversion efficiency of 76.0% and solar-to-fuel energy-conversion efficiency of 20.7%. Furthermore, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals the dynamic formation of nanosized metallic indium, correlating well with CO2RR activity, also evidenced by cyclic voltammetry. Combined with theoretical calculations, it is confirmed that the in situ-generated metallic indium plays a dominant role in promoting formate formation by accelerating the second proton-coupled electron transfer process (*OCHO+ H+ + e – → *HCOOH). Consistent with experimental results, operando Raman spectra further demonstrate that in situ-activated indium nanocatalysts can facilitate formate production even at the thermodynamic potential. This work uncovers nanosized metallic indium as the highly active site and sheds light on the design of superior indium-based catalysts for CO2 electroreduction.
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