Details of a low cost augmented-reality system for the simulation of ultrasound guided needle insertion procedures (tissue biopsy, abscess drainage, nephrostomy etc.) for interventional radiology education is presented. The system comprises physical elements; a mannequin, an ultrasound probe and a needle, and software elements; generating virtual ultrasound anatomy and allowing data collection. These two elements are linked by a pair of magnetic 3D position sensors. Virtual anatomy, for image generation, is generated based on full body CT scans of live humans. Details of the novel aspects of this system are presented including; image generation, registration and calibration.
Marine biogenic sources contribute substantially to atmospheric gaseous and particulate components and exert significantly environmental and climatic effects (Carpenter et al., 2012;O'Dowd et al., 2004). Ocean organism-derived dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur-containing gases emitted to the atmosphere (Watts, 2000), which can be oxidized and transformed into sulfate aerosols and thereby impact the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and downward radiation over the ocean (Barnes et al., 2006;Charlson et al., 1987). A part of DMS will be oxidized to form methanesulfonic acid/methanesulfonate (MSA) by both gaseous and aqueous phase reactions in the atmosphere (Barnes et al., 2006;Hoffmann et al., 2016). MSA is one of the most abundant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components in marine environment, and its ratio to non-sea-salt SO 4 2− (nss-SO 4 2-) ranges from less than 10 −2 to near 1 (Bates
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