Many studies have investigated the association between hormonal and reproductive factors and thyroid cancer risk but provided contradictory and inconclusive findings. This review was aimed at precisely estimating this association by pooling all available epidemiological studies. 25 independent studies were retrieved after a comprehensive literature search in databases of PubMed and Embase. Overall, common hormonal factors including oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy did not alter the risk of thyroid cancer. Older age at menopause was associated with weakly increased risk of thyroid cancer in overall analysis (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.00–1.53, P = 0.049); however, longer duration of breast feeding was related to moderately reduced risk of thyroid cancer, suggested by pooled analysis in all cohort studies (RR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.51–0.95, P = 0.021). The pooled RR in hospital-based case-control studies implicated that parous women were more susceptible to thyroid cancer than nulliparous women (RR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.31–4.04, P = 0.004). The present meta-analysis suggests that older age at menopause and parity are risk factors for thyroid cancer, while longer duration of breast feeding plays a protective role against this cancer. Nevertheless, more relevant epidemiological studies are warranted to investigate roles of hormonal and reproductive factors in thyroid carcinogenesis.

Background There is a lack of biomarkers for distinguishing non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients with successful sperm retrieval (Sp+) from those with failed sperm retrieval (Sp-). This study aimed to determine the potential of extracellular vesicles tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) as a novel non-invasive biomarker for successful sperm retrieval by microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE). Methods The study included 18 patients with NOA with successful sperm retrieval (Sp+) and 23 patients with NOA with failed sperm retrieval (Sp-), 15 obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients, 5 idiopathic oligospermia (IO) patients, and 12 healthy people. Seminal plasma extracellular vesicles tsRNA levels were used in a two-stage case-control study (screened by tsRNA sequencing on Illumina NextSeq instrument and validated by qRT-PCR). The bioinformatic analysis was performed to determine the role of tsRNA in the pathogenesis of non-obstructive azoospermia. Results Two tsRNAs (tRF-Val-AAC-010: AUC = 0.96, specificity = 80%, sensitivity = 95%; tRF-Pro-AGG-003: AUC = 0.96, specificity = 87%, sensitivity = 95%) were found to have high predictive accuracy for distinguishing the origin of azoospermia. In addition, the extracellular vesicles tRF-Val-AAC-010 resulted in high predictive ability (AUC = 0.89, sensitivity = 72%, specificity = 91%, P < 0.0001) in predicting the presence of sperm in non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing mTESE. Finally, bioinformatic analysis revealed that tRF-Val-AAC-010 were involved in spermatogenesis. Conclusions This study identified that the extracellular vesicles tRF-Val-AAC-010 and tRF-Pro-AGG-003 are biomarkers for the diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia, and that tRF-Val-AAC-010 as a potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting the presence of sperm in non-obstructive azoospermia testicular tissue.

Objectives. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, previous studies in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) reported a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS); however, the same population predisposed to developing pre-MS. Early identification and treatment of individuals with MS and pre-MS are imperative to prevent their adverse consequences. Moreover, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was not accurate in detecting pathoglycemia in women with PCOS as they have shown characteristically postprandial abnormalities in the carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to compare the discriminative performance of various indices for identifying MS and pre-MS/MS (pre-MS and MS) using the updated Chinese Diabetes Society (uCDS) criteria in Chinese women with PCOS. Methods. 1083 Chinese women with PCOS were included in this study. We measured and evaluated 8 indices in all individuals. Based on the uCDS criteria for MS, patients who had no less than two components of MS but did not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of MS were considered as having pre-MS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under ROC curves (AUCs) levels were used to assess the accuracy of each index in detecting MS and pre-MS/MS. Results. Among the 8 indices assessed, the lipid accumulation product (LAP) provided the highest AUCs for detecting MS and pre-MS/MS, followed by CVAI, WTI, VAI, TyG, TG/HDL, WC, and BMI. The optimal cutoff points determined for LAP were 45.13 (sensitivity 88.0%, specificity 88.4%, and Youden index 0.764) for MS and 28.01 (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 80.7%, and Youden index 0.681) for pre-MS/MS, respectively. Conclusions. uCDS criteria are reasonably more suitable for detecting MS and pre-MS in Chinese women with PCOS. Based on this criterion, LAP is the best index for the diagnosis of MS and pre-MS/MS in Chinese women with PCOS, out of the 8 obesity and lipid-related indices assessed.

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Endometriosis (EM) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting women aged between 23 and 42 years with a prevalence of 6%–10%. S100A7, a member of the S100 protein family, has been implicated in promoting inflammation. However, the role of S100A7 in EM and its underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. S100A7 was silenced or overexpressed in primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Cell proliferation was determined using a Cell Counting Kit‐8. Cell cycle/apoptosis was monitored using a flow cytometer. Cell invasion was studied by a Transwell assay. Quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate gene expression. S100A7 and NF‐κB expression is increased in both endometriotic tissue and ESCs from women with EM. The expression of S100A7 is correlated with the expression of NF‐κB. S100A7 knockdown inhibits ESCs proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell invasion, and inflammation, but promotes cell apoptosis in an NF‐κB dependent manner. In contrast, S100A7 overexpression demonstrated an inverse effect. S100A7 is increased in both endometriotic tissue and ESCs from women with EM. S100A7 overexpression contributes to EM through increasing ESCs proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell invasion, and inflammation, and inhibiting cell apoptosis in the NF‐κB dependent manner. These findings highlight the importance of S100A7/NF‐κB signaling in EM and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for EM.