Antioxidants are free radical scavenger compounds that can reduce or prevent the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). This study aims to study the antioxidant activity, acceptability, and shelf life of fruit extract drinks and ciplukan buds (Physalis angulata L.). The experimental design used factorial completely randomized design (FCRD), with two factors, namely the ratio of juice extracts and ciplukan buds (a) and stabilizer concentrations (b), three replications. The organoleptic analyzed by hedonic test, antioxidant activity by DPPH method, and total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and alkaloid using each of the Folin-Ciocalteau, aluminum chloride and gravimetric methods. The estimated shelf life is calculated using the Arrhenius method at 28°C for 28 days. The results showed that the ratio of fruit extracts and buds (a) affected the preference for taste, aroma, and color attributes. The interaction between juice extract ratio with a bud (a) and stabilizer concentration, (b) influences antioxidant activity, color attributes, and viscosity. The best ciplukan drink samples based on organoleptic calculations are juice with fruit extracts with buds 15:1 and stabilizer concentration of 0.1% (a3b1) and fruit extracts with buds 20:1 and stabilizer concentration of 0.1% (a4b1). The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained sample code a3b1, while the highest alkaloid content from code sample a4b1. Based on the estimated shelf life of total microbes, ciplukan bud extract has a shelf life of 9 months at 28°C.
Coffee drinks are drinks that come from the processing and extraction of coffee beans. One of which is caffeine. Coffee contains approximately 24 of the most important substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of caffeine in coffee drinks from various types of packaging. The research stages include sample collection and preparation; identification of caffeine content; and examination of caffeine levels using UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the three samples of coffee drinks sold at the minimarket in Jermal, Medan contained caffeine, and the levels of caffeine in coffee drinks were 26,352±0,292 mg/100mL (Sample A), 15,179±0,286 mg/100mL (Sample B), and 7,965±0,98 mg/100mL (Sample C). The caffeine content obtained meets the requirements of SNI, where the maximum amount of caffeine that can be consumed by the public in a day based on SNI is 50 mg–150 mg.
Secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties have been found in arummanis mango leaves. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids, especially the mangiferin molecule found in several mango varieties, are also present in arum manis mango leaf extract. Mangiferin has shown action on Staphylococcus aureus as an antibacterial agent that can prevent the development of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria that triggers skin infections. In this research, extract nanoparticles and inhibition tests against staphylococcus aureus bacteria were prepared using extract nanoparticles and ethanol extract of arum manis mango leaves. The manufacture of nanoparticles in this study was carried out because smaller and nanometer-sized materials have more special chemical and glass characteristics; their small size has a greater surface area to volume ratio than larger particles. Nanoparticles are small particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm. A particle size analyzer is used to characterize nanoparticles. Using the disc diffusion method, antibacterial activity tests were carried out at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, using nanoparticle extracts, and 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% for extract concentration. The results of the extract nanoparticle size characterization were 40.2 nm. The bacterial inhibition zones of arum manis mango leaf extract obtained at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% were 11.9, 14.4, and 15.4 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibition zones of nanoparticle bacteria extract 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% were 15.5, 17.5, and 18.3 mm, respectively. The concentration of 2.5% nanoparticle extract has the inhibition power of bacteria equivalent to that of 75% ethanol extract, so it says that the nanoparticles can reduce the size dose and have an inhibition power in the moderate sensitivity category.
Streptococcus mutans is one of the bacteria that plays an important role in the formation of dental caries. One of the plants known to have antibacterial compounds are matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst) family Sapindaceae. The objective of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of matoa leaves ethanolic extract nanoparticles is better than matoa leaves ethanolic extract against S. mutans bacteria. The research method was carried out experimentally. Free variables, namely the concentration of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KEDM 25% ; KEDM 50%; and KEDM 75%) and the concentration of nanoparticles of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KNDM 2.5%; KNDM 5%; and KNDM 7.5%). Bound variables are antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and nanoparticles of matoa leaf ethanol extract against S. mutans bacteria. The nanoparticle size of the extract was characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Test of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and matoa leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles against S. mutans using the diffusion method to Kirby Bauer. The result of the extract nanoparticle size characterization was 324.97 nm. Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) values of antibacterial ethanol extract of matoa leaves against S. mutans were 12.00 mm (KEDM 25%), 12.50 mm (KEDM 50%), and 12.60 mm (KEDM 75%). The antibacterial ZOI values of matoa leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles against S. mutans were 8.00 mm (KNDM 2.5%), 9.06 mm (KNDM 5%), and 10.10 mm (KNDM 7.5%). The conclusion is that ethanol extract of matoa leaves can be used as extract nanoparticles, where the extract nanoparticle concentration of 7.5% already has the ability of antibacterial activity that is close to the concentration of 25% ethanol extract, so that it can be said that the extract nanoparticle preparation can reduce the dose of a drug even though it is in the resistant category compared to Amoxicillin 25 g with the susceptible category.
ABSTRAKBiosurfaktan banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang bioteknologi dan dapat diaplikasikan dalam berbagai industri seperti farmasi, obat-obatan, biomedis, kosmetik, oleokimia, produksi asam lemak dan turunannya, deterjen, penyamakan kulit, petrokimia dan minyak bumi. Penggunaan surfaktan dalam berbagai industri dapat menyebabkan masalah dalam penggunaannya karena dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan karena sifatnya yang sulit terurai (non biodegradable). Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu mencari sumber surfaktan yang aman bagi lingkungan seperti biosurfaktan yang berasal dari mikroorganisme, salah satunya bakteri keratinolitik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari sumber penghasil biosurfaktan dari isolat bakteri keratinolitik menggunakan teknik metode oil displacement dan emulsifikasi. Teknik pengujian aktivitas biosurfaktan dengan metode oil displacement dilakukan untuk mengukur zona perpindahan minyak untuk mendapatkan nilai oil displacement area (ODA), dan metode emulsifikasi dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai indeks emulsifikasi (IE24). Dari hasil pengujian biosurfaktan pada masing-masing isolat bakteri keratinolitik diperoleh nilai ODA sebesar 38.0 dan 15.0 mm dan EI24 sebesar 20 dan 15% untuk masing-masing isolat bakteri. Aktivitas biosurfaktan yang diperolah pada pengujian oil displacement seiring dengan hasil yang diperoleh pada pengujian emulsifikasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa bakteri keratinolitik mampu menghasilkan biosurfaktan meskipun nilainya kecil.Kata Kunci: bakteri keratinolitik, biosurfaktan, indeks emulsifikasi, oil displacement.
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