Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are becoming increasingly attractive due to their biomedical applications and ease of production using additive manufacturing techniques. In the present paper, the architecture of porous scaffolds was utilized to seek for the optimized cellular structure subjected to compression loading. The deformation and stress distribution of five lightweight scaffolds, namely: Rectangular, primitive, lattice, gyroid and honeycomb Ti6Al4V structures were studied. Comparison of finite element simulations and experimental compressive test results was performed to illustrate the failure mechanism of these scaffolds. The experimental compressive results corroborate reasonably with the finite element analyses. Results of this study can be used for bone implants, biomaterial scaffolds and antibacterial applications, produced from the Ti6Al4V scaffold built by a selective laser melting (SLM) method. In addition, Ti6Al4V manufactured metallic lattice was filled by wollastonite (CaSiO 3 ) through spark plasma sintering (SPS) to illustrate the method for the production of a metallic-ceramic composite suitable for bone tissue engineering.Gradient structures, unit cell size, strut diameter, the volume fraction the of sample, plasticity and damage tolerance, as well as the minimizing of cost/time are considered during the computer-aided design (CAD) and simulation. In order to have optimized lightweight structures under loading and in vivo or in vitro conditions, printed scaffolds can be graded axially or radially [12]. Recently, research is focused upon polymeric printing using polyjet/inkjet deposition [13], which is faster with no post-processing, unlike metal printing. However, the low mechanical properties of polymer 3D printed materials make it non-applicable for in vivo conditions. Porous Ti6Al4V structures have yield strength and compressive strength in the range of 90-220 MPa [14]. The computer-aided design (CAD) of porous scaffolds and finite element analysis (FEA) have recently attracted much attention in the tissue engineering field. Fluid permeability [15] and biocompatibility [16] of scaffolds depends directly on the pore geometry and topology [17] of structures. The curved shape, smoothness, good flowability, 3D manufacturability and biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V powder particles makes Ti-based alloy promising for load bearing bone implants [18]. It is well known that the artificial bone scaffolds should have the following characteristics: (1) Biocompatibility with living tissues; (2) mechanical properties for trabecular bone and cortical bone (ranging from 0.7 to 15 MPa till >100 MPa [19]); and (3) porous fabricated structures for osteoporosis diseases. Periodic porous materials like TPMS are potential candidates for biomimetic scaffold architecture [19]. The main advantage of TPMS scaffolds is the open interconnected cell structure, deemed to facilitate cell migration, vitalization and vascularization, while retaining a high degree of structural stiffness [20]. Henceforth, mechanical ...
In recent years, 3D scanning and printing of plastics has rapidly matured while printing of metallic parts is only gaining popularity due to required refinements of technology combined with cost- and resources effectiveness for the main components of printers and consumables. The 3D printing allows producing complicated shapes that can be hardly produced by conventional mechanical tools and can provide the functionalization of surfaces. In this work, several different stainless steel (AISI 316 L) surface patterns (flat, gecko’s fibrils, dimples, pyramids, mushrooms, mesh, brush, inclined brush) intended for controlling the coefficient of friction were printed with the help of a 3D metal printer by selective laser melting technique. Unidirectional sliding tests were performed with pin-on-disc configuration. Sliding velocity of 5 × 10−3 m/s and continuously increasing load ranged from 5 to 103 N has been applied in the course of “scanning” mode and accompanied by simultaneous recording of the coefficient of friction. A stainless steel (AISI 316) disc counterbody was used in this series of the tests. It was found that the 3D printed structures allow to control the value and stability of the coefficient of friction in a wide range of loads. Microstructural analysis of the worn samples was performed to support the conclusions regarding wear mechanism.
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