We completed phylogenetic analysis of the major non-coding region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 159 animals of eight Euro-American and six East Asian domesticated pig breeds and 164 Japanese and five European wild boars. A total of 62 mtDNA haplotypes were detected. Alignment of these regions revealed nucleotide variations (including gaps) at 73 positions, including 58 sites with transition nucleotide substitutions, and two transversion substitutions. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences could not organize domestic pig breeds into discrete clusters. In addition, many of the haplotypes found in members of diverged clustering groups were found primarily in Euro-American pig breeds, indicating extensive introgression of Asian domestic pigs into European breeds. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis allocated the DNA sequences of non-coding regions into two different groups, and the deepest branchpoint of this porcine phylogeny corresponded to 86 000-136 000 years before present. This time of divergence would predate the historical period when the pig is thought to have been domesticated from the wild boar.
In this study, we analyzed DNA sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions on the 130 native domestic pigs and eight wild boars in the mainland South and South-east Asian countries including Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Forty-four haplotypes were found in the 138 individuals, 41 were in the domestic and four were in wild boars. Only one haplotype was shared by domestic and wild population in Bhutan. In other cases, mtDNA of wild boars did not show close affinity to that of the domestic pigs in the same location, indicating that the native domestic pigs in these countries did not originate in the present habitat. Phylogenetic analyzes of mtDNA haplotypes recapitulated several major clusters identified in other studies, but 11 haplotypes were grouped in a new cluster we named MTSEA. In most cases, more than one lineage group were present in a sampling station, indicating that the present indigenous domestic pigs may have multiple origins. The MTSEA haplotypes were present in relatively high frequencies in domestic pigs in the mountainous area of mainland South-east Asia (Cambodia and Laos), with a few found in Myanmar and Bhutan. The distributions of MTSEA haplotypes are in great conformity with the distribution of present-day Mon-Khmer language and indicated the existence of yet another independent domestication. The D2 haplotypes that distribute high frequency (almost 100%) throughout the Chinese breeds were dominant in Bhutan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. These results suggest an existence of human-mediated dispersal of domestic pigs from north to the south during the historical expansion of Sino-Tibetan and Tai peoples. The D3 haplotypes previously reported in north India were found in sympatric domestic and wild pigs in Bhutan. The D3 haplotype is an important proof of independent domestication event and/or great gene flow between wild and domestic pigs in the foot of Himalaya.
ABSTRACT. We measured adult mandibles of Ryukyu wild pigs from Amami-Oshima, Kakeroma, Okinawa, Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands. The size cline was not statistically recognized among the populations of Nansei Islands. The Ishigaki population was significantly larger than Iriomote one in mandible length. Some measurement ratios indicated that the ramus is enlarged laterally and that the body of mandible is dorso-ventrally developed in Ishigaki and Iriomote populations. The Amami-Oshima mandibles were relatively smaller than those of Okinawa and Iriomote populations in length item of body of mandible. These results will contribute to the zoo-archaeology on the historical change of size and shape in the island populations, and to the evolutionary biology on the morphological adaptation of this animal.-KEY WORDS: geographical variation, mandible, osteometry, swine (Ryukyu wild pig).
ABSTRACT. The mandibles of the Japanese wild pigs (Sus scrofa leucomystax) from various geographical locations, which have been stored in the University of Tokyo and National Science Museum, Tokyo were examined. The mandibles from northern localities were larger in size than those from southern localities. The Oita population was significantly smaller than the Honshu populations. The Mie population was smaller than the Hyogo population in length from the angle of the mandible. In the multivariate analysis, the Kyushu populations could be obviously distinguished from the Honshu populations in the principal component charts. However, each Honshu population did not show the locality-specific distribution of the principal component plots.KEY WORDS: Japanese wild pig, mandible, osteometry, principal component analysis.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62(8): 815-820, 2000 The wild pig in Japan has been taxonomically separated into two groups [4,5,9,14,16,17,23]: (1) the Japanese wild pig (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Areas and (2) the Ryukyu wild pig (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) in Nansei Islands. While the latter has been osteometrically examined and described in detail [6-8, 12-14, 25, 26], the Japanese wild pig has not been clarified by morphological characteristics except for a few reports [1,10]. The geographical variation in particular remained unclear among various populations of the Japanese wild pig, although the animal is largely distributed in forests in the Japanese mainland. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe measurement items (Table 1, Fig. 1), and the methods of sex and age determination are based on previous reports [2,3,10,11]. The locality data was dependent on the biological records accompanied with each specimen (Table 2, Fig. 2). We cited generally the localities at the level of prefecture in Table 2. The specific localities detailed, however, are arranged in Fukushima, Nagano and Miyazaki populations with detailed records. We examined a total of 174 mandibles of the Age groups III, IV and V from various populations (Table 2). These specimens has been collected and stored in the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo and the Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo.The mandible measurement was carried out in 20 items with a vernier caliper to the nearest 1 mm. We have already published the measurement data of the specimens stored in the University of Tokyo in previous studies [10], and used these measurement values for the present statistical study. The mean values of length from the angle (LA) were compared by Student's t-test between localities to clarify the size tendency among various populations of the Japanese wild pig. All data measurements were applied for the principal component analysis to elucidate the size and shape variation among pop lations. The package software of the multivariate analysis (Shakai-Joho Service, Tokyo) added in Microsoft Excel 98 was used in this analysis. RESULTSThe mean value and standard error of 20 measurements are given in Table ...
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