EAST has been equipped with two high power lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) systems with operating frequencies of 2.45 GHz and 4.6 GHz. Comparative LHCD experiments with the two different frequencies were performed in the same conditions of plasma for the first time. It was found that current drive (CD) efficiency and plasma heating effect are much better for 4.6 GHz LH waves than for the one with 2.45 GHz. High confinement mode (H-mode) discharges with 4.6 GHz LHCD as the sole auxiliary heating source have been obtained in EAST and the confinement is higher with respect to that produced previously by 2.45 GHz. A combination of ray-tracing and Fokker-Planck calculations by using the C3PO/LUKE codes was performed in order to explain the different experimental observations between the two waves. In addition, the frequency spectral broadening of the two LH wave operating frequencies was surveyed by using a radio frequency probe.

High-pressure in situ angular dispersive x-ray diffraction study on the wurtzite-type InN nanowires has been carried out by means of the image-plate technique and diamond-anvil cell (DAC) up to about 31.8 GPa. The pressure-induced structural transition from the wurtzite to a rocksalt-type phase occurs at about 14.6 GPa, which is slightly higher than the transition pressure of InN bulk materials ($12.1 GPa). The relative volume reduction at the transition point is close to 17.88%, and the bulk modulus B 0 is determined through fitting the relative volume-pressure experimental data related to the wurtzite and rocksalt phases to the Birch-Murnaghan equation of states. Moreover, high-pressure Raman scattering for InN nanowires were also investigated in DAC at room temperature. The corresponding structural transition was confirmed by assignment of phonon modes. We calculated the mode Grüneisen parameters for the wurtzite and rocksalt phases of InN nanowires.

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A new model for a gas-filled encapsulated thermal-acoustic transducer, which uses newly devised carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film is developed and the exact and approximate solutions are derived. A comparison between theoretical prediction and experimental data is presented and excellent agreement is reported. The frequency response for this acoustic transducer is investigated and the acoustic response of as a function of window–thin-film distance of the encapsulated transducer is discussed. An optimal distance between window and thin film is successfully derived and used in some practical examples. Resonance takes place for a suitable input frequency, and thus such transducers can be used to either generate acoustic waves of specific frequency or to filter specific resonant frequencies from a wide spectrum of signals. This kind of transducer can be immersed in different liquid media. A gaseous medium shows better performance at lower frequency while it is otherwise for a liquid medium. The conclusions derived in this work could be regarded as effective guidelines and information for enhancing thermal-acoustics efficiency conversion, as well as for the optimal design of a thermal-acoustic transducer.

Crystal structural evolution of europium gallium garnet (Eu3Ga5O12; EGG) has been investigated by a combination of synchrotron x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and photoluminescence spectroscopy in a high-pressure diamond anvil cell. The cubic garnet EGG mostly collapses into an amorphous state upon compression to 85 GPa at room temperature. High-pressure Raman and photoluminescence spectra indicate that the amorphization process is related to the interaction and deformation of the tetrahedra GaO4 and octahedra GaO6 under compression, leading to the increase of the asymmetry of the local oxygen environment around the Eu3+ site with increasing pressures. The amorphization of EGG is associated with the overlapping of the tetrahedra and octahedra and the increase of the average coordination numbers of the Ga3+ ions in the amorphous state. X-ray diffraction spectra of EGG taken from a laser-heated diamond anvil cell demonstrate that the pressure-induced garnet-to-amorphous transition could result from the kinetic hindrance of a crystal-to-crystal phase transition at room temperature, rather than the decomposition reported earlier.

Multiferroics BiMnO 3 was fabricated via high pressure of 4 GPa. The crystal structure of as-prepared specimen was determined by x-ray diffraction to be highly distorted monoclinic perovskite with space group of C2. Multiferroism (or ferroelectromagnetism, i.e., coexistence of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity) in as-prepared specimen has been reported in the recently published paper (Z

Hot spots induced by lower hybrid wave in experimental advanced superconducting tokamak tokamak have caused high performance experiment disruption and serious damages to the guard limiters. Experimental and theoretical analyses have been carried out to study its physical mechanism. Plasma density scan experiments indicate that the wall temperature within the hot spots enhanced by a factor of 5 and increases with the plasma density near the antenna. A lower hybrid current drive (LHCD)-only density climb experiment shows that the carbon impurity decreases to a minimum value at certain plasma density and then increases with the line averaged plasma density. A model has been developed to explain the mechanism of sputtering of graphite tiles due to hot spots as the plasma density near the LHCD antenna and the time increases. A theoretical scaling of the heat flux driven by LHCD is also presented and is consistent with the experimental scaling in the Tore Supra tokamak. The simulation results show that the total sputtering flux density has a minimum at a certain plasma density and gradually increases as the plasma density increases or decreases away from the minimum value, and the increase in parallel heat flux near the antenna would enhance the sputtering flux density. The sputtering flux density trend is qualitatively consistent with the density scan experiments. The simulated temporal evolution of sputtered flux implies that the chemical sputtering could be a candidate for the carbon impurity explosion.

A new model of high-intensity focused ultrasound generation by radiation from a composite nanothinfilm made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and elastomeric polymer is presented in this paper. The composite nanothinfilm is deposited to the surface of a concave lens and the performance of focused ultrasound generated by an incident pulsed laser onto the lens is analyzed. The analysis and results are verified by comparing with published experimental data and very good agreement is recorded. The opto-acoustic pressure on the symmetric axis and the lateral focal plane are investigated analytically and the result indicates that excellent acoustic performance is found to be present in the vicinity of the focus region. The temporal performance of the focused lens is also investigated both at the focal point and the prefocal zone and very good agreement comparing with experiment is obtained. Conclusively, it is demonstrated theoretically that there exists an optimal input frequency for a pulsed laser at which the performance of the focused lens can be tremendously enhanced. In general, this new analytical model provides new guidelines in the design of high-intensity ultrasound lens, hence opening up promising applications to medical ultrasonography treatment.