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The first measurement of transverse-spin-dependent azimuthal asymmetries in the pion-induced Drell-Yan (DY) process is reported. We use the CERN SPS 190  GeV/c π^{-} beam and a transversely polarized ammonia target. Three azimuthal asymmetries giving access to different transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs) are extracted using dimuon events with invariant mass between 4.3  GeV/c^{2} and 8.5  GeV/c^{2}. Within the experimental uncertainties, the observed sign of the Sivers asymmetry is found to be consistent with the fundamental prediction of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that the Sivers TMD PDFs extracted from DY have a sign opposite to the one extracted from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) data. We present two other asymmetries originating from the pion Boer-Mulders TMD PDFs convoluted with either the nucleon transversity or pretzelosity TMD PDFs. A recent COMPASS SIDIS measurement was obtained at a hard scale comparable to that of these DY results. This opens the way for possible tests of fundamental QCD universality predictions.

The COMPASS Collaboration at CERN has measured the transverse spin azimuthal asymmetry of\ud charged hadrons produced in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering using a 160 GeV μ+ beam and a\ud transversely polarised NH3 target. The Sivers asymmetry of the proton has been extracted in the Bjorken\ud x range 0.003 < x < 0.7. The new measurements have small statistical and systematic uncertainties of\ud a few percent and confirm with considerably better accuracy the previous COMPASS measurement. The\ud Sivers asymmetry is found to be compatible with zero for negative hadrons and positive for positive\ud hadrons, a clear indication of a spin–orbit coupling of quarks in a transversely polarised proton. As\ud compared to measurements at lower energy, a smaller Sivers asymmetry for positive hadrons is found\ud in the region x > 0.03. The asymmetry is different from zero and positive also in the low x region,\ud where sea-quarks dominate. The kinematic dependence of the asymmetry has also been investigated and\ud results are given for various intervals of hadron and virtual photon fractional energy. In contrast to the\ud case of the Collins asymmetry, the results on the Sivers asymmetry suggest a strong dependence on the\ud four-momentum transfer to the nucleon, in agreement with the most recent calculations

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