Increasing attention has been paid recently to the desmoplastic/stromal reaction in pancreatic cancer and its putative role in cancer progression. Studies in vitro and in vivo have provided strong evidence of the existence of an interaction between pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs, the cells known to produce the stromal reaction in pancreatic cancer) and tumor cells.

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Induction of PSC apoptosis upon alcohol withdrawal is a key mechanism mediating the resolution of pancreatic fibrosis. Conversely, continued alcohol intake perpetuates pancreatic injury by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting activation of PSCs. Characterisation of the pathways mediating PSC apoptosis has the potential to yield novel therapeutic strategies for chronic pancreatitis.

The lack of long-term PM 2.5 measurements in developing countries makes it difficult to quantify the overall PM 2.5 pollution exposures and health impacts in these countries where the PM 2.5 concentrations are often very high. Moreover, it is also difficult for traditional fixed-site monitoring to capture the substantial spatial variability of PM 2.5 over dense urban areas or regions with significant topography. Hence, recent developments in satellite-based remote-sensing allowing the reconstruction of long-term, wide-area and high-resolution estimates of current and historical PM 2.5 concentration is an important step forward, allowing the quantification of the long-term pollution exposure of PM 2.5 in developing cities and in dense urban areas using the satellite-derived PM 2.5 data. In this study, instead of just looking at the spatial average PM 2.5 concentrations, we have studied the long-term population exposure of PM 2.5 by analyzing the population-weighted PM 2.5 concentrations at regional, city and district scales by combining 1km×1km satellite-derived PM 2.5 and population density data sets. The variation of population exposure to PM 2.5 across the urban areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region from 2000 to 2014 was studied. Our result shows that the PM 2.5 concentrations over the PRD increased steadily from 2000 to 2004, remained at quite a high level through 2008 and then started to decline after 2009. More importantly, our analysis also shows that, at regional, city and district levels, the population-weighted mean PM 2.5 concentrations from data with 1 km resolutions are typically the highest, followed by the population-weighted mean PM 2.5 concentrations from data with 10 km resolutions and then the simple spatial PM 2.5 averages. This suggests that the use of simple spatial concentrations can lead to systematic underestimation of the overall population exposure and the associated health impacts. This systematic difference is related to the positive correlation between PM 2.5 3 pollutant concentration and population density, and shows the usefulness of using high-resolution satellite-retrieved PM 2.5 concentrations to quantify the overall population exposure. The higher population-weighted mean PM 2.5 concentration in comparison with simple spatial average indicates that, for more effective reduction of overall population exposure and protection of public health, control efforts must be further targeted at high-population high-pollution areas, and land-use and city planning should also encourage population to redistribute away from the highly polluted areas.