Objective To explore the effects of probiotics on depressive behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model by remodeling intestinal flora.Methods Twenty-four male SD rats aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups: control group, depression group (CUMS), depression+paroxetine group (Paro) and depression+probiotics group (Pro). Sucrose preference, open field and forced swimming tests were used to assess depression-like behavior in rats. ELISA was used to detect the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosterone, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat serum. Real-time PCR was used to determine the changes of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in rat cecum.
ResultsCompared with the control group, CUMS led to significant decreases of body weight, total traveled distance, duration in central area, immobility time, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine contents in hippocampal tissues, as well as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the cecum. It also resulted in marked increases of the contents of E. faecalis and E. coli in the cecum, ACTH and corticosterone contents in the serum of rats. Paroxetine and probiotic treatment each diminished or prevented these changes.
ConclusionBy remodeling intestinal flora, probiotics can reduce the CUMS-induced depressive behavior of rats, increase the levels of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and inhibit the expression of ACTH and corticosterone. Significantly, the effect of both paroxetine and probiotic on microorganisms is similar.
Transit Signal Priority(TSP) have been shown to be effective tools for the level of transit service. It gives transit vehicles a little extra green(green extention) or a little less red time(early green) at traffic signals to reduce the delay time.How to maximize the benefit of TSP at isolated intersection is worth to study through extending green time.Some scholars apply the method of delay triangle to calculate the delay time. However, the vehicles arrive or go through the signalized intersection in platoons under the condition of signal coordination for arterials, it is imprecise to use the method of delay triangle to analyse the delay.In this paper, according to the process of vehicles coming and going at intersection, the calculation model of average person delay was proposed by the method of delay parallelogram. A case study was conducted to validate the model results. It is concluded that the method of delay parallelogram provides an effective solution to obtain the optimized signal timing at the intersection.
Transit Signal Priority (TSP) is a computer network control system. However, it is inaccurate to input traffic flow by the method of random distribution and analyze the delay. With communication technology developing precisely calculating the delay time of buses can be achieved. The kernel algorithm of TSP still has room for improvement. In this paper, the change rate of movement track of bus is studied under the condition of new communication technology. According to the characteristics of real-time monitoring data, the calculation model of average person delay was proposed by utilizing exponential smoothing method. A case study was conducted to validate the model results. Simulation results shows that this method effectively reduces average delay time of the travelers 20.9%.
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