Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system. Surgery is currently considered to be the only radical treatment. As surgical techniques improve and progress is made in traditional radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the implementation of neoadjuvant therapy, the 5-year survival rate of early gastric cancer can reach >95%. However, the low rate of early diagnosis means that most patients have advanced-stage disease at diagnosis and so the best surgical window is missed. Therefore, the main treatment for advanced gastric cancer is the combination of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, molecular-targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. In this article, we summarize several common methods used to treat advanced gastric cancer and discuss the progress made in the treatment of gastric cancer in detail. Only clinical practice and clinical research will allow us to prolong the survival time of patients and allow the patients to truly benefit by paying attention to the individual patient characteristics, drug choice, and developing a reasonable and comprehensive treatment plan.
Herein, we report
on a two-dimensional amino-functionalized Ti3C2-MXene (N–Ti3C2-MXene)-based
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detecting carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA) utilizing a sandwich format signal amplification strategy.
Our biosensor employs an N-Ti3C2-MXene nanosheet-modified
sensing platform and a signal enhancer comprising N-Ti3C2-MXene-hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNPs)-staphylococcal
protein A (SPA) complexes. Ultrathin Ti3C2-MXene
nanosheets were synthesized and functionalized with aminosilane to
provide a hydrophilic-biocompatible nanoplatform for covalent immobilization
of the monoclonal anti-CEA capture antibody (Ab1). The
N-Ti3C2-MXene/HGNPs nanohybrids were synthesized
and further decorated with SPA to immobilize the polyclonal anti-CEA
detection antibody (Ab2) and serve as signal enhancers.
The capture of CEA followed by the formation of the Ab2-conjugated SPA/HGNPs/N-Ti3C2-MXene sandwiched
nanocomplex on the SPR chip results in the generation of a response
signal. The fabricated N-Ti3C2-MXene-based SPR
biosensor exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001–1000
PM with a detection limit of 0.15 fM. The proposed biosensor showed
high sensitivity and specificity for CEA in serum samples, which gives
it application potential in the early diagnosis and monitoring of
cancer. We believe that this work also opens new avenues for development
of MXene-based highly sensitive biosensors for determining various
biomolecules.
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