Core Ideas Hydropedological factors are key to revealing the hydrological maze. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “creator” in runoff composition and runoff generation. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “originator” of hydrological heterogeneity. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “producer” of hydrological puzzles. Hydrology is an old discipline due to its early origination, as well as a young discipline due to its insufficient scientific foundation as a natural science. Thus hydrology has long been haunted by a debate between natural functionalities found in observations vs. model results built on many simplified assumptions. We define the hydrological maze as puzzles, paradoxes, or complexity involved in hydrologic measurements and interpretations. The objective of this study was to reveal the hydrological maze through a comprehensive review of decades of work since the 1980s on observations and experiments using a combination of natural and artificial catchments at the Chuzhou Hydrology Laboratory in China, highlighting the role of hydropedology in hillslope and catchment hydrology based on long‐term monitoring of surface and subsurface flows at various soil depths and at different spatial scales. A conception has emerged that indicates the fundamental control of hydropedological factors (such as soil types, soil properties, and their spatial variations) as the trigger for the hydrological maze, including runoff generation, runoff composition, flow heterogeneity, and various hydrological puzzles. It is clear that the vadose zone is the key source for nonlinear and dissipative complexity in the hydrological maze that is intertwined with hydrochemical and hydroecological dynamics. Therein lies the hope for new hydrological insights and possible solutions to the hydrological maze.
Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) abundantly infiltrate high‐grade gliomas and orchestrate immune response, but their diversity in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐differential grade 4 gliomas remains largely unknown. This study aimed to dissect the transcriptional states, spatial distribution, and clinicopathological significance of distinct monocyte‐derived TAM (Mo‐TAM) and microglia‐derived TAM (Mg‐TAM) clusters across glioblastoma‐IDH‐wild type and astrocytoma‐IDH‐mutant‐grade 4 (Astro‐IDH‐mut‐G4). Single‐cell RNA sequencing was performed on four cases of human glioblastoma and three cases of Astro‐IDH‐mut‐G4. Cell clustering, single‐cell regulatory network inference, and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to characterize the functional states of myeloid clusters. The spatial distribution of TAM subsets was determined in human glioma tissues using multiplex immunostaining. The prognostic value of different TAM‐cluster specific gene sets was evaluated in the TCGA glioma cohort. Profiling and unbiased clustering of 24,227 myeloid cells from glioblastoma and Astro‐IDH‐mut‐G4 identified nine myeloid cell clusters including monocytes, six Mo/Mg‐TAM subsets, dendritic cells, and proliferative myeloid clusters. Different Mo/Mg‐TAM clusters manifest functional and transcriptional diversity controlled by specific regulons. Multiplex immunostaining of subset‐specific markers identified spatial enrichment of distinct TAM clusters at peri‐vascular/necrotic areas in tumour parenchyma or at the tumour–brain interface. Glioblastoma harboured a substantially higher number of monocytes and Mo‐TAM‐inflammatory clusters, whereas Astro‐IDH‐mut‐G4 had a higher proportion of TAM subsets mediating antigen presentation. Glioblastomas with a higher proportion of monocytes exhibited a mesenchymal signature, increased angiogenesis, and worse patient outcome. Our findings provide insight into myeloid cell diversity and its clinical relevance in IDH‐differential grade 4 gliomas, and may serve as a resource for immunotherapy development. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The light alkyl carbonates are indispensable co-solvents of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. In this work, the tunable transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol to co-produce ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was investigated based on an efficient catalytic system with the solid alkaline catalyst. It was found that the γ-Al2O3-supported K2CO3 catalyst exhibited high activity for the transesterification reaction, with a tunable feature for the selectivities of EMC and DEC by changing the space velocity and feed ratio of DMC to ethanol at the temperature between 120 and 150 °C. According to the results of characterizations and activity tests, a synergistic mechanism was proposed. The reaction kinetic model was also established, which displayed good agreement with the experimental results.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.