As a typical non-Gaussian vector variable, a neutral vector variable contains nonnegative elements only, and its l1 norm equals one. Additionally, its neutral properties make it significantly different from the commonly studied vector variables (e.g., Gaussian vector variables). Due to the aforementioned properties, the conventionally applied linear transformation approaches (e.g., principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA)) are not suitable for neutral vector variables, as PCA cannot transform a neutral vector variable, which is highly negatively correlated, into a set of mutually independent scalar variables and ICA cannot preserve the bounded property after transformation. In recent work, we proposed an efficient nonlinear transformation approach, the parallel nonlinear transformation (PNT), for decorrelating neutral vector variables. In this paper, we extensively compare PNT with PCA and ICA, through both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations. The results of our investigations demonstrate the superiority of PNT for decorrelating the neutral vector variables.
When the labelling information is not deterministic, traditional supervised learning algorithms cannot be applied. In this case, stochastic supervision models provide a valuable alternative to classification. However, these models are restricted in several aspects, which critically limits their applicabil-
Primary systemic amyloidosis (PSA) is a systemic disease caused by amyloid deposition in various tissues and organs. In the early stages of the disease, approximately 40% of patients have skin damage, which may be the only clinical manifestation. This report described the case of a 67-year-old male with PSA who presented with characteristic cutaneous manifestations. Physical examination showed seborrheic keratotic-like plaques around the orbit, purpura and ecchymosis on the neck and dorsum manus, as well as nail dystrophy. An auxiliary examination indicated a 24-h urine protein content of 2.89 g, and serum immunoelectrophoresis showed a monoclonal λ light chain. Echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular diastolic function and mild pulmonary hypertension. The dermoscopic features were multiple comedo-like openings and milia-like cysts. Histopathology showed multiple keratinous cysts in the dermis and eosinophilic, acellular, homogenous material in the dermis that was Congo red-positive. The diagnosis was confirmed through biopsy of skin lesions and kidney.Skin lesions of this case are rare.Skin lesions around the orbit need to arouse the vigilance of dermatologists. PSA should be considered if the patient with multisystemic symptoms.Skin biopsy and Congo red staining were very important for early diagnosis of PSA.
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