This study proposes a multilayer hybrid deep-learning system (MHS) to automatically sort waste disposed of by individuals in the urban public area. This system deploys a high-resolution camera to capture waste image and sensors to detect other useful feature information. The MHS uses a CNN-based algorithm to extract image features and a multilayer perceptrons (MLP) method to consolidate image features and other feature information to classify wastes as recyclable or the others. The MHS is trained and validated against the manually labelled items, achieving overall classification accuracy higher than 90% under two different testing scenarios, which significantly outperforms a reference CNN-based method relying on image-only inputs.

Carbon isotope ratio of leaf dry matter, δ13C, was measured on species occurring within Baiyin desert community, consisting of valley, slope and ridge microhabitats, and within Shandan desert community, consisting of Gobi desert and seasonal flooded creek microhabitats, in Northwest China. δ13C of C3 species increased with a decrease in soil water availability, suggesting that water‐use efficiency (WUE) increased with decreasing soil moisture, whereas for all C4 species, δ13C tended to decrease with decreasing soil water availability, suggesting that WUE also increased with decreasing soil moisture. Above results indicated that water‐use pattern was conservative under drought for C4 and C3 plants. In this present study, C4 species' occurrences within different microhabitats were investigated and C4 plants were observed to be absent and/or scarce within relatively lower soil moisture microhabitats, whereas they occurred and/or even had a high abundance within relatively higher soil moisture microhabitats, suggesting limited moisture available was a key factor of limiting C4 distribution in arid region of Northwest China.

High voltage gain DC-DC converter is a prime requirement for renewable applications, in particular for PV. Though numerous DC-DC converter is available for increasing the voltage gain, the passive elements requirement is higher which reduces the compactness, consequently, increases the cost of the system. To address this issue, a high gain DC-DC converter is reported recently. However, the number of passive elements is quite high which increases the size. To reduce the number of passive elements and maintain the same number of semiconductor devices, in this paper, a new switched inductor arrangement is proposed which is named as switched inductor double switch DC-DC converter (SL-DS-DC). Moreover, the proposed converter has a higher gain as compared to the recently reported converter. The proposed converter is analyzed in steady state and a comparative analysis is presented to prove the suitability. Finally, the proposed converter is validated experimentally. INDEX TERMS High voltage gain, non isolated, DC-DC converter, switched inductor, CCM.

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