S1D (residues 636-789) is a neutralizing epitope region on the spike protein (S) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). To accurately identify epitopes on S1D, the S1-phage library containing the gene encoding the S1D region of PEDV S protein was micropanned by six specific monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the S1D region. These micropanned epitope regions (MER) were focused on 696-779 amino acids of the S protein. To further map epitopes of the MER, seven overlapping mini-fragments covering MER nucleotides were separately synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 with a GST tag. These mini-GST fusion proteins were scanned by ELISA and Western blotting with the six McAbs, and the result showed that S1D5 (residues 744-759) and S1D6 (residues 756-771) are two linear epitopes of the PEDV S protein. The antisera of the epitopes S1D5 and S1D6 could react with the native S protein of PEDV. Furthermore, Pepscan of the two linear epitopes demonstrated that SS2 ((748)YSNIGVCK(755)) and SS6 ((764)LQDGQVKI(771)) are two core epitopes on S1D5 and S1D6, respectively, located on the S protein of PEDV.
For the first time, we explored the
possibility of utilizing 2D
nickel hydroxide nanosheets (NHNs) to prepare NHN/poly(vinylidene
fluoride) composite membranes for battery separator applications.
The effect of these ultrathin 2D nanosheets on the morphology, crystallization
behaviors, porosity, electrolyte uptake ratio, ionic conductivity,
and thermal stability of the composite membranes were systematically
investigated. A low filler content of only 3 wt % NHNs into PVDF membranes
not only promoted superior thermal stability (1.9% shrinkage at 130
°C for 0.5 h) but also led to a significant increase of β-phase
content (85.0%), electrolyte affinity (327.6% uptake ratio), and ionic
conductivity (1.5 mS cm–1). Strong interfacial interactions
between 2D NHNs and polymer molecular chains are responsible for significant
α to β crystalline phase conversion, benefiting to high
ionic conductivity and electrochemical performance of cells. Moreover,
in order to gain more insights for battery applications, this membrane
was assembled and evaluated in Li/LiFePO4 half-cells, showing
a good cycling performance and rate capability, with a capacity retention
of 95.9% after 100 cycles at 2 C and a high specific capacity of 129.1
mAhg–1 at 2 C. Thus, this NHN/PVDF composite membrane
could be a promising separator for next generation lithium-ion batteries
requiring high safety and ultrafast rechargeability.
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