This paper describes the technique designated best performer in the 2nd conference on Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods (DREAM2) Challenge 5 (unsigned genome-scale network prediction from blinded microarray data). Existing algorithms use the pairwise correlations of the expression levels of genes, which provide valuable but insufficient information for the inference of regulatory interactions. Here we present a computational approach based on the recently developed context likelihood of related (CLR) algorithm, extracting additional complementary information using the information theoretic measure of synergy and assigning a score to each ordered pair of genes measuring the degree of confidence that the first gene regulates the second. When tested on a set of publicly available Escherichia coli gene-expression data with known assumed ground truth, the synergy augmented CLR (SA-CLR) algorithm had significantly improved prediction performance when compared to CLR. There is also enhanced potential for biological discovery as a result of the identification of the most likely synergistic partner genes involved in the interactions.
Additives are widely adopted for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and proper additive design contributes a lot to PSCs' various breakthroughs. Herein, a novel additive of N,1-fluoroformamidinium iodide (F-FAI), whose cation replaces one amino group in guanidinium (GA + ) with electron-withdrawing fluorine group, is synthesized and applied as the additive for PSCs. The electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine promotes the molecular polarity of N,1-fluoroformamidine (F-FA), enhancing the interaction of N,1-fluoroformamidinium (F-FA + ) with MAPbI 3 . Compared with the nonpolar GA + , F-FA + improves the crystallinity, passivates the defect, and downshifts the Fermi level of MAPbI 3 more significantly. The charge transfer and built-in field in printable triple mesoscopic PSCs are therefore enhanced. Moreover, charge transport in MAPbI 3 is also promoted by F-FAI. With these benefits, a power conversion efficiency of 17.01% for printable triple mesoscopic PSCs with improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor is obtained with the addition of F-FAI, superior to the efficiency of 15.24% for those devices with guanidinium iodide additives.
The planar SnO 2 electron transport layer (ETL) has contributed to the reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) record of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), while the high-temperature mesoporous SnO 2 ETL (mp-SnO 2 ) brings poor device performance. Herein, we report the application of mp-SnO 2 for efficient printable PSCs via oxygen vacancy (OV) management by introducing magnesium (Mg) into the paste. We find that high-temperature annealing suppresses self-doping of SnO 2 by reducing OVs. The introduced Mg occupies both the Sn site and interstitial site of SnO 2 and promotes the formation of OVs. Lattice Mg tends to induce neutral OVs and interstitial Mg could promote the ionization of neutral OVs for self-doping. The synergy effect on OVs increases the carrier density and upshifts the Fermi level energy of mp-SnO 2 , ensuring its capability as the well-performed ETL with trap-less charge transport and suppressed surface recombination for dramatic improved device PCE from 6.62 % to 17.25 %.
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