Nearly all households in Rwanda burn solid fuels for cooking. A private firm in Rwanda is distributing forced-draft pellet-fed semigasifier cookstoves and fuel pellets. We measured in-use emissions of pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) in 91 uncontrolled cooking tests (UCTs) of both pellet and baseline (wood; charcoal) stoves. We observed >90% reductions in most pollutant emission factors/rates from pellet stoves compared to baseline stoves. Pellet stoves performed far better than gasifier stoves burning unprocessed wood, and consistent with ISO tiers 4 and 5 for PM 2.5 and CO, respectively. Pellet stoves were generally clean, but performance varied; emissions from the dirtiest pellet tests matched those from the cleanest traditional stove tests. Our real-time data suggest that events occurring during ignition and the end of testing (e.g., refueling, char burnout) drive high emissions during pellet tests. We use our data to estimate potential health and climate cobenefits from stove adoption. This analysis suggests that pellet stoves have the potential to provide health benefits far above previously tested biomass stoves and approaching modern fuel stoves (e.g., LPG). Net climate impacts of pellet stoves range from similar to LPG to negligible, depending on biomass source and upstream emissions.
Secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of largely
unspeciated compounds. The volatility and viscosity of the bulk organic
aerosol influence new particle formation, processing, and lifetime
in the atmosphere. Relationships between these properties are well-defined
for pure compounds but currently unavailable for bulk organic aerosol.
In this survey study, we characterized SOA formed from a range of
biogenic precursors and conditions in an oxidation flow reactor for
volatility (thermodenuder), viscosity (dimer coagulation, isolation,
and coalescence), and oxidation state (aerosol chemical speciation
monitor). We find linear trends in log–linear and log–log
plots of single-parameter representations of volatility and viscosity,
with higher condensed-phase fractions of extremely low and low volatility
material associated with an increased viscosity (R = 0.69). Per this relationship, an increase in the contribution
of these fractions (i.e., lower volatility) by 0.1 results in
an increase in viscosity of approximately 200%. The viscosity (at
30 °C) of SOA fell between 6.2 × 105 and 8.0
× 108 Pa s and thus in the semisolid range. The SOA
oxidation state ranged from −1.0 and 0.1 and was weakly anticorrelated
with volatility (but not viscosity). We found larger SOA mass loadings
generally associated with increased volatility and decreased viscosity.
The results of this preliminary study are consistent with “molecular
corridor”-style frameworks employing molecular mass and volatility
to estimate the viscosity of bulk real-world SOA.
A 2010 study identified higher than average incidence of respiratory disease in Shiprock, NM, the largest city in the Navajo Nation. That study suggested that the potential cause was the combustion of solid fuels in in-home heating stoves and that respiratory disease could be greatly reduced by changing indoor heating behaviors and improving heating stove quality. Since the Navajo people are deeply embedded in culture and traditions that strongly influence their daily lives, a new framework was needed to identify feasible heating alternatives that could reduce the negative environmental and health impacts related to solid fuel use while respecting the culture of the Navajo people. The resulting Navajo framework included perception, cultural, and technical assessments to evaluate seven heating alternatives perceived viable by Navajo stakeholders. Cultural experts at the Diné Policy Institute identified potential cultural limitations and motivating factors for each alternative. A limited technical assessment of the health benefits of these options was conducted and integrated into the process. A parallel convergent mixed-methods approach was employed to integrate qualitative and quantitative results. The results and framework developed and presented here may be useful for decision makers in communities heavily reliant on solid fuels for heat, especially Native Nations, where culture plays an important role in the success of any intervention.
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