Thermal effect on availability of individual amino acids (AIAA) of red kidney beans was evaluated. Sulfur amino acids (SAA), methionine and cystine (Met + Cys), are the limiting amino acids (AA) and have the lowest availability among the AAs in nine treatments. The availability of SAA (ASAA) ranged from -18.6% in raw beans to 39.8-68.0% in thermally processed beans. Autoclaving at 121 °C for 10-90 min gradually reduced ASAA values. The mean availability for each AA (MAEAA) is the average of the AIAA values for the same AA. MAEAA values ranged from 82.1% (arginine) to 50.4% (Met + Cys). The mean availability in each treatment (MAET) is the average of the AIAA values in the same treatment. The difference between MAET and true digestibility of protein (TDP) was less than 7%. However, the differences between ASAA and TDP (16-37%) and between ASAA and MAET (14-30%) were large. The ASAA-corrected amino acid score (AAS ASAA ) for raw beans was negative (-29.4%) and ranged from 61.8 to 42.1% for thermally processed beans. From a comparison among the protein quality indexes, AAS ASAA is the preferred method to evaluate protein quality of beans.
Laparoscopic donor hepatectomy (LDH), accepted as a minimally invasive approach, has become increasingly popular for living donor liver transplant. However, the outcomes of LDH remain to be fully clarified when compared with open living donor hepatectomy. Thus, our meta-analysis was designed to assess the efficacy of laparoscopic in comparison with conventional open donor hepatectomy.
The PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase electronic databases were searched to identify the articles concerning the comparison of the efficacy of laparoscopic versus open surgery in treatment of living donor liver transplantation updated to March, 2020. The main search terms and medical Subject Heading terms were: “living donor,” “liver donor,” “minimally invasive,” “laparoscopic surgery,” and “open surgery.” After rigorous evaluation on quality, the data was extracted from eligible publications. The outcomes of interest included intraoperative and postoperative results.
The inclusion criteria were met by a total of 20 studies. In all, 2001 subjects involving 633 patients who received laparoscopic surgery and 1368 patients who received open surgery were included. According to the pooled result of surgery duration, the laparoscopic surgery was associated with shorter duration of hospital stay (MD = −1.07, 95% CI −1.85 to −0.29;
P
= .007), less blood loss (MD = −57.57, 95% CI −65.07 to −50.07;
P
< .00001), and less postoperative complications (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.44–0.85;
P
= .003). And the open donor hepatectomy achieved a trend of shorter operation time (MD = 30.31, 95% CI 13.93–46.69;
P
= .0003) than laparoscopic group. Similar results were found in terms of ALT (
P
= .52) as well as the AST (
P
= .47) peak level between the 2 groups.
LDH showed the better perioperative outcomes as compared with open donor hepatectomy. The findings revealed that LDH may be a feasible and safe procedure for the living donor liver transplantation.
Otoferlin, an integral membrane protein implicated in a late stage of exocytosis, has been reported to play a critical role in hearing although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. However, its widespread tissue distribution infers a more ubiquitous role in synaptic vesicle trafficking. Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is converted to its inhibitory counterpart, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which exists in soluble (GAD67) and membrane-bound (GAD65) forms. For the first time, we have revealed a close association between otoferlin and GAD65 in both HEK293 and neuronal cells, including SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and primary rat hippocampus cells, showing a direct interaction between GAD65 and otoferlin's C2 domains. In primary rat hippocampus cells, otoferlin and GAD65 co-localized in a punctate pattern within the cell body, as well as in the axon along the path of vesicular traffic. Significantly, GABA is virtually abolished in otoferlin-knockdown neuronal cells whereas otoferlin overexpression markedly increases endogenous GABA. GABA attenuation in otoferlin-knockdown primary cells is correlated with diminished L-type calcium current. This previously unknown and close correlation demonstrates that otoferlin, through GAD65, modulates GABAergic activity. The discovery of otoferlin-GAD65 functional coupling provides a new avenue for understanding the molecular mechanism by which otoferlin functions in neurological pathways.
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