To identify novel marker molecules associated with chondro-osteogenic differentiation, we have set up a differential screening system based on a cDNA library subtraction in organ cultures of prenatal mouse mandibular condyles. Differential screening of a cDNA library constructed from in vitro cultured condyles allowed the isolation of a novel gene, named E25. Full-length E25 cDNA is predicted to encode a type II integral membrane protein of 263 amino acid residues. In situ hybridization experiments show that E25 is expressed in the outer perichondrial rim of the postnatal mandibular condyle, which contains the proliferating progenitor cells, but not in the deeper layers of the condyle containing the more differentiated chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Other cartilagenous tissues and their perichondrium were negative. Strong in situ hybridization signals were also detected on bone trabeculae of mature bone in tooth germs and in hair follicles. Northern blot analysis showed strong expression in osteogenic tissues, such as neonatal mouse calvaria, paws, tail, and in skin. This expression profile suggests that E25 could be a useful marker for chondro-osteogenic differentiation. Homology searches of DNA databanks showed that E25 belongs to a novel multigene family, containing three members both in man and mouse. The mouse E25 gene locus (Itm2) was mapped to the X chromosome.

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Based on animal and ex-vivo experiments, Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15, also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1, MIC1), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), a member of the matrix metalloprotease family may be potential markers for Lewy body disorders, i.e. Parkinson’s disease with (PDD) and without dementia (PDND) and Lewy body dementia (DLB). GDF15 has a prominent role in development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and repair, whereas MMP9 degrades, as a proteolytic enzyme, components of the extracellular matrix. In this study, cerebrospinal fluid GDF15 and MMP9 levels of 59 PDND, 17 PDD and 23 DLB patients, as well as of 95 controls were determined, and associated with demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters. Our analysis confirmed the already described association of GDF15 levels with age and gender. Corrected GDF15 levels were significantly higher in PDD than in PDND patients, and intermediate in DLB patients. Within Lewy body disorders, GDF15 levels correlated positively with age at onset of Parkinsonism and dementia, Hoehn & Yahr stage and cerebrospinal fluid t-Tau and p-Tau levels, and negatively with the Mini Mental State Examination. Remarkably, it does not relevantly correlate with disease duration. MMP9 was not relevantly associated with any of these parameters. Cerebrospinal GDF15, but not MMP9, may be a potential marker of and in Lewy body disorders.

Itm2A is a novel type II integral membrane protein that is involved in osteo- and chondrogenic differentiation. Itm2a cDNA was originally isolated from a cDNA library of organ cultures from prenatal mouse mandibular condyles, by subtractive hybridization and differential screening. The Itm2a gene was isolated from a BALB/c liver genomic library. In total, 9.4 kb of the gene were sequenced, of which 2649 bp are 5' flanking sequences. The Itm2a gene contains six exons and five introns. The splice sites conform to the GT/AG rule. The 5' flanking region, which contains the presumed promoter sequence, lacks the common TATAA and CCAAT sequences, but contains consensus binding sites for various transcription factors. Several of these transcription factors are known to play a role in transcriptional regulation of cartilage- or bone-specific genes (e.g. Cbfa1, Cart-1, MHox, HES-1, and CIIS1). Itm2a was mapped to mouse chromosome position XA2-XA3 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. The human homolog, ITM2A, was mapped to chromosome position Xq13.3-Xq21.2.

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