In recent years, integrated pond aquaculture under controlled management has been crucial in improving the supply of aquatic products and ensuring food security. This study constructed two trophic models of integrated pond aquaculture ecosystems of Portunus trituberculatus–Penaeus japonicus (PP) and P. trituberculatus–P. japonicus–Sinonovacula constricta (PPS) using Ecopath with Ecosim software. The energy flows, ecosystem properties, and carrying capacities of the two ecosystems were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the ecotrophic efficiency values in the PP and PPS ecosystems were 0.962 and 0.954 for P. trituberculatus and P. japonicus and 0.952 for S. constricta. The effective trophic levels of P. trituberculatus and P. japonicus were 2.065 and 2.027 in the PP system, and those of P. trituberculatus, P. japonicus, and S. constricta were 2.057, 2.018, and 2.010 in the PPS system. The primary productivities of the PP and PPS ecosystems were 2623.79 and 2781.48 g/m2/240 days, with 2.13 and 37.83% of the energy flowing to trophic level II and 97.87 and 62.17% flowing to the detritus, respectively. The total energy of the detritus group was 2900.89 and 2372.98 g/m2/240 days, with 931.02 and 1505.35 g/m2/240 days flowing to trophic level II, respectively. The total primary production/total respiration ratio of the PPS ecosystem (1.632) was lower than that of the PP ecosystem (4.824), indicating that the former had a greater degree of exploitation. At the current feeding level, the carrying capacities of P. trituberculatus and P. japonicus were 65.15 and 47.62 g/m2 in the PP ecosystem, and those of P. trituberculatus, P. japonicus, and S. constricta were 64.96, 48.06, and 100.79 g/m2 in the PPS ecosystem, respectively. At adequate feeding levels, the carrying capacities of P. trituberculatus and P. japonicus were 83.76 and 48.52 g/m2 in the PP ecosystem and 81.82 and 53.44 g/m2 in the PPS ecosystem. The ecotrophic efficiency values and energy flow parameters of the two integrated pond aquaculture ecosystems indicated that S. constricta was a suitable collocation culture species for P. trituberculatus and P. japonicus, and there is room for further improvement in yields of this integrated aquaculture ecosystem.
In order to investigate the effects of razor clams (Sinonovacula constricta) on the food composition and isotopic niches of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) and kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) in polyculture systems, this study analyzed 60 P. trituberculatus, 60 M. japonicus and 30 S. constricta to quantify the food sources, food source contributions, and isotopic niches of cultured organisms using 18S rDNA barcoding and stable isotope techniques. The results were as follows: (1) In the P. trituberculatus-M. japonicus (PM) polyculture system, the Sobs and Shannon-Wiener indices of the stomach contents of P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus were not significantly different (P > 0.05). In the P. trituberculatus-M. japonicus-S. constricta polyculture (PMS) system, the Sobs and Shannon-Wiener indices of the stomach contents of P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus were also not significantly different (P > 0.05), but the Sobs indices of P. trituberculatus in the PMS system were significantly higher than those in the PM system (P < 0.05), M. japonicus shows a similar pattern. (2) 18S rDNA barcoding analysis showed the dominant taxa in the stomach contents of both P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus in the PM system were Trebouxiophyceae, Embryophyta and Rotifera, and the food overlap between them was 0.8992, which was significant (Q > 0.6). In the PMS system, the dominant taxa in the stomach contents of P. trituberculatus were Chrysophyceae, Intramacronucleata, and Embryophyta, and in M. japonicus were Chrysophyceae, Embryophyta, and Bacillariophyceae, in this system the food overlap was 0.2061, which was not significant (Q < 0.6). (3) Stable isotope analysis suggested, in both systems, the main food sources of P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus were iced trash fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and organic particulate matter (POM). Iced trash fish accounted 77.67% of food sources for P. trituberculatus and 69.42% for M. japonicus in the PM system, and 60.82% and 57.60% in the PMS system. (4) The isotopic niche overlap between P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus was 5.69% in the PM system and 1.21% in the PMS system. These results suggested food competition between P. trituberculatus and M. japonicus, and S. constricta can reduce the competition and isotopic niche overlap, improve the contribution of food sources such as phytoplankton. Razor clams also serve to purify the water and improve the utilization of iced trash fish by filtering phytoplankton (51.10%), POM (32.25%), SOM (7.47%), and iced trash fish (9.18%). Thus, P. trituberculatus-M. japonicus-S. constricta is a healthy and sustainable culture model.
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