Banana plants (Musa acuminata L.) are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses that affect their production worldwide. Banana plants respond to these stresses, but their responses to combined stresses are unique and differ from those to various individual stresses. This study reported the effects of the mycorrhizal colonization of banana roots and/or infection with root rot on the transcriptional expression of the responsive factor JERF3 and stress-responsive genes (POD, PR1, CHI, and GLU) under different salinity levels. Different transcriptional levels were recorded in response to the individual, dual, or triple treatments. All the applied biotic and abiotic stresses triggered the transcriptional expression of the tested genes when individually applied, but they showed different influences varying from synergistic to antagonistic when applied in combinations. The salinity stress had the strongest effect when applied in combination with the biotic stress and/or mycorrhizal colonization, especially at high concentrations. Moreover, the salinity level differentially affects the banana responses under combined stresses and/or mycorrhizal colonization in addition, the mycorrhizal colonization of banana plantlets improved their growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake, as well as greatly alleviated the detrimental effects of salt and infection stresses. In general, the obtained results indicated that the responses of banana plantlets under the combined stresses are more complicated and differed from those under the individual stresses depending on the crosstalks between the signaling pathways.
Fresh date palm fruits (cv. Barhi) have received much attention due to their sweet taste and popularity in marketing. There is a critical need to prolong their storability, as well as maintain their quality during the postharvest and marketing periods. In this study, the effects of spraying date palm trees with melatonin (Mt) and/or methyl jasmonate (Mj) at 10, 20, and 50 ppm, on their growth and yield were investigated. In addition, impacts on quality and storability of the fruits were also studied. In general, application of Mt was mostly more effective than that of Mj, even at 50 ppm, with regard to all evaluated parameters. However, the dual treatment at 50 ppm recorded the highest relative chlorophyll and nutrient content in date palm leaves, as well as the yield and its components. Regarding the date palm fruits stored at 4 °C for 28 days, this dual treatment recorded the lowest weight loss and fruit decay values (0.14 and 2%, respectively), the highest firmness (6 g·cm−2), total soluble solids content (36 °Brix), total sugar content (32.5 g/100 g fresh weight), and the lowest total acidity (0.16 g citric acid/100 mL juice). Moreover, the highest total phenolic content and activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in the stored fruits were also recorded for the dual treatment. In contrast to the untreated fruits, scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the sprayed fruits had a very good microstructure, showing intact and thick exocarp tissue with a dense layer of epicuticular wax. The mesocarp tissue showed a normal and clear cellular framework with well organized and arranged cells, after 28 days storage at 4 °C. Based on these results, we can conclude that application of the dual treatment (Mt + Mj) at 50 ppm is a promising way to prolong the storability of date palm fruits and maintain their quality during storage periods.
Soil and irrigation water salinity are among the main problems hindering agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, which depends on especially surface irrigation as the main means in agriculture. The salinity lead to low growth and production of plants, including fruit, as a result of the temporal, azalotic, or nutrients imbalance. Salinity of the soil or irrigation water greatly reduces the growth, productivity and quality of fruit crops by affecting their physiological, chemical and biological functions as they cause obstruction to the absorption of some elements by the plant and if it increased absorption of salts, it causes ion poisoning of the cell, as well as increased salts cause less absorption of water by the plant due to the high osmosis of soil water. There are many ways to reduce the salt stress in the growth of fruit plants, the most important of which is adding organic fertilizers such as humic acid or spraying with the amino acid proline.
Background and Objective: Salinity is the most limiting factor for growth and production in pomegranate trees in the newly reclaimed lands this study aimed to alleviate the adverse effect of salinity on pomegranate wonderful CV. which grown under salinity stress and improve vegetative growth and fruit quality by using some of Nano-materialʼs fertilizers as a foliar application. Materials and Methods: This investigation study carried out during two successive seasons (2019 and 2020) at a private orchard located in the desert of West Minia Governorate the pomegranate trees were at vigour status and selected by choosing 21 trees (seven treatments and each treatment was replicated three times) the chosen trees were 5 years old, cultivated 3×4 m, irrigated with drip irrigation system, all trees were free of pathogens and physiological disorders and took all agricultural processes and fertilization treatments except the foliar application of examined materials. Results: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was better than using silicon with clay together.The use of silicon at Nano size was significantly more than using silicon at normal size while Nano-clay treatment and clay treatment were non-significant compare to control. The examined Parameters were leaf nutrient contents, fruit physical and chemical characterization and yield. Conclusion: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was the superior treatment in all of the parameters which have been examined.
Pigmented sorghum (PS; Sorghum bicolor) is a well-known multipurpose and climate-resistant plant, commonly consumed by millions of people as a staple food in arid and semi-arid regions. Consumers' demand for sorghum has grown recently, due to its exceptional nutritional properties. It is considered to be anatural functional food for its beneficial health ingredients and bioactive colorants with health-promoting benefits, including chronic disease prevention, improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, and activity as an anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress marker. This chapter focuses on the nutritional and functional properties of PS, and the diversity of its bioactive constituents. Furthermore, the uniqueness of PS polyphenols should be innovatively exploited and highlighted, with specific consideration to their bioactive flavonoids and anthocyanins. Applications for PS in the food industry are highlighted, as well as its manufacturing limitations as a modern food ingredient. Moreover, this chapter discusses PS's phytochemical profile and functional properties, and its role in improving the quality of the end product. Finally, we provide an overview of the innovative technologies involved in developing functional foods from PS.
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