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We present an account of the current status of the theoretical treatment of inclusive (d, p) reactions in the breakup-fusion formalism, pointing to some applications and making the connection with current experimental capabilities. Three independent implementations of the reaction formalism have been recently developed, making use of different numerical strategies. The codes also originally relied on two different but equivalent representations, namely the prior (Udagawa-Tamura, UT) and the post (Ichimura-Austern-Vincent, IAV) representations. The different implementations have been benchmarked, and then applied to the Ca isotopic chain. The neutron-Ca propagator is described in the Dispersive Optical Model (DOM) framework, and the interplay between elastic breakup (EB) and non-elastic breakup (NEB) is studied for three Ca isotopes at two different bombarding energies. The accuracy of the description of different reaction observables is assessed by comparing with experimental data of (d, p) on 40,48 Ca. We discuss the predictions of the model for the extreme case of an isotope ( 60 Ca) currently unavailable experimentally, though possibly available in future facilities (nominally within production reach at FRIB). We explore the use of (d, p) reactions as surrogates for (n, γ) processes, by using the formalism to describe the compound nucleus formation in a (d, pγ) reaction as a function of excitation energy, spin, and parity. The subsequent decay is then computed within a Hauser-Feshbach formalism. Comparisons between the (d, pγ) and (n, γ) induced gamma decay spectra are discussed to inform efforts to infer neutron captures from (d, pγ) reactions. Finally, we identify areas of opportunity for future developments, and discuss a possible path toward a predictive reaction theory.
Electro-olfactograms were used to determine sensitivity and specificity of olfactory organs of female sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus) to four bile acids: 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 3-keto allocholic acid from spermiating males and petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid from larvae. Spermiating male bile acids are thought to function as a mating pheromone and larval bile acids as a migratory pheromone. The response threshold was 10(-12) mol l(-1) for 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 10(-10) mol l(-1) for the other bile acids. At concentrations above 10(-9) mol l(-1), the sulfated bile acids showed almost identical potency, as did the non-sulfated bile acids. The two sulfated bile acids were more potent than the two non-sulfated ones. In addition, 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and water conditioned with spermiating males induced similar concentration-response curves and response thresholds. Cross-adaptation experiments demonstrated that the sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids represent different odors to the olfactory epithelium of females. Further exploration revealed that 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate represents a different odor than petromyzonol sulfate, while 3-keto allocholic acid and allocholic acid represent the same odor. Results indicate that male-specific bile acids are potent and specific stimulants to the female olfactory organ, supporting the previous hypothesis that these bile acids function as a pheromone.
Optogenetics is an exciting new technology that allows targetable fast control and readout of specific neural populations in complex brain circuits. With the rapid development of light-sensitive microbial opsins, substantial gains in understanding the causal relationships between neural activity and behavior in both healthy and diseased brains have been achieved during the last decade. However, the intricate and complex interactions between different neural populations in mammalian brains require novel, implantable, neural interfaces that are capable of manipulating and probing targeted neurons at multiple sites and with high spatiotemporal resolution. Advanced microtechnology has offered the highest potential to meet these demands of optogenetic applications. In this paper, we review a variety of miniaturized optogenetic neural implants developed in recent years, based on different light sources, including lasers, laser diodes, and light-emitting diodes. We then summarize the specifications of these microimplants and their related microfabrication approaches and discuss the major challenges of current techniques and the vision for the future of the field.
The behavioural responses of reproductive and non-reproductive female round gobies Neogobius melanostomus to water conditioned by reproductive and non-reproductive males and females were tested. The behavioural responses of reproductive female round gobies exposed to odour of reproductive males included increased time spent near the source of the odour, elevated swimming velocities and directed movement to and around the odour source when compared with their responses to control water. These results suggested that pheromones released from reproductive males may induce spawning behaviour in reproductive females. Non-reproductive females exposed to reproductive female odour spent significantly more time near the odour source of reproductive females compared with control water. Non-reproductive females also showed directed movement towards and around the odour source when exposed to reproductive female odour. These results suggested that round gobies use inter-sexual and intrasexual pheromones and that both sex and reproductive status are important in the detection and release of these pheromones. # 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
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