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The natural hormone, progesterone, has long served as the standard for the production of endometrial changes in the uterus. In 1944 Allen and Ehrenstein' reported that norprogesterone was more active than the natural hormone, a finding that has since been confirmed by Tullner and Hertz2 Recently it has also been demonstrated that the nor derivative of ethynyltestosterone is more potent as a progestational agent than the methylated parent compound, both in animals and man.3, Studies in this laboratory have encompassed a wide variety of steroid structures. Particular attention has been paid to the study of 17-substituted derivatives of 17-hydroxyestrenones with the double bond in either the 5(10) or the 4(5) position. In the series with the double bond in the 5(10) position, the most interesting substance has been norethynodrel, which shows a mixture of both estrogenic and progestational a~tivities.~ With the double bond in the 4(5) position, estrogenic activity is absent and more nearly pure progestational effects are obtained. However, some of this latter group also have androgenic and anabolic activities.6 Inasmuch as the properties in these two series do differ, the endocrine effects of the A6(lU) compound, norethynodrel, will be discussed first, and the progestational activity of the A4(6) steroids second. MethodsProgesteronelike activity, Clauberg assay.7 Immature female rabbits weighing about 1 kg. were treated for 6 days with 5 fig. of estradiol daily. Starting on the following day they received the test compound in oil, subcutaneously, daily for the next 5 days. On the day after the last injection they were sacrificed and the uteri were fixed for later histological study. Sections of the uterus were graded from 1 to 4 on the basis of glandular development.* Further studies were conducted using the technique described by McGinty et aL9 I n this assay the compound in oil was injected into a segment of the uterus in the ovariectomized rabbit, previously primed with estrogen. Uterine sections were examined histologically and graded as above. Estrogenic activity was determined by the uterine weight technique of Rubin et in immature mice and by the vaginal smear technique of Allen and Doisy17 employing castrated rats and scoring according to the method of Biggers and C1aringbold.l' Norethynodrel Norethynodrel has four main properties: (1) It is progestational under certain conditions; (2) it has estrogenic activity; (3) it can inhibit the pro-516 Progesteronelike activity, intrauterine assay. Estrogenic activity. Saunders & Drill: 17-Ethynyl and 17-Alkyl Derivatives 517 CH 111 C FIGURE 1. Structural formula of norethynodrel.duction or release of pituitary gonadotropin; and (4) during treatment it prevents conception.Detailed data illustrating the biological activities of the pure compound, 17a-ethynyl-17hydroxy-5 (lO)-estren-3-one, called norethynodrel, are presented below.The condition of the uterus of an estrogen-primed control rabbit in the Clauberg assay is shown in FIGURE 2. Glandular crypts are lacking. ...

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Summary A review of the literature along with certain experimental studies in our laboratories on the physical, chemical and biological properties of a variety of synthetic sulfated polysaccharides have shown that the pharmacological activities of these substances seem to depend upon a complex interaction of two or more physical or chemical parameters. For example, only fair correlations existed between high antipepsin, antiulcer and anticoagulant activity and high molecular weight or sulfate content. The roles of monosaccharide content, chain shape or the type of glucosidic linkage were difficult to evaluate with the data at hand. Sulfated amylopectin (SN‐263) with high molecular weight and sulfate content along with a branched chain shape was found to be an active pepsin inhibitor with relatively low anticoagulant activity. Pepsin inhibition studies were carried out using both the hemoglobin and the RISA methods. Oral administration of SN‐263 to pyloric‐ligated rats has shown significant inhibition of gastric ulceration with reductions in proteolytic activity of the gastric juice. The volume of gastric juice or secretion of free and total acid were not significantly altered. SN‐263 also inhibited Δ1‐cortisol‐induced gastric ulceration in rats and histamine‐induced duodenal ulcers in guinea pigs. Reserpine‐induced ulceration in the rat was not significantly affected. SN‐263 possessed low anticoagulant activity both in vitro and when given i.v. to dogs. However, no effects on blood coagulation were found after large oral doses administered to normal dogs or to rats with previously induced ulcers. SN‐263 was nonanticholinergic and did not affect gastrointestinal propulsion, as measured by the charcoal meal test in mice.