These data demonstrate the important role of CD48 in SA/exotoxins-eosinophil activating interactions that can take place during allergic responses and indicate CD48 as a novel therapeutic target for allergy and especially of AD.

Published data on the prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriasis patients compared with healthy controls are controversial, We therefore conducted a prospective study of toenail onychomycosis, among 113 psoriatic and 106 healthy non-psoriatic subjects, selected from the normal population in the Jerusalem area in the period 2003-05. The results revealed a prevalence of 47.6% toenail onychomycosis among psoriatic patients, compared with 28.4% in normal controls (p=0.0054). Both gender and age affected the prevalence of onychomycosis in both psoriatic and healthy controls, with a higher prevalence in male and elderly subjects. The type and duration of psoriasis were also found to have an impact on the prevalence of onychomycosis. However, the body area involved did not affect the prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatic patients. Approximately the same percentages of dermatophytes and yeasts were found in psoriatic patients as in healthy controls. However, a higher percentage of moulds was found in psoriatic patients.

VRI and AVD techniques demonstrated the ability to diminish itching sensations temporarily. Further studies on the immediate and late effects of interactive computer distraction techniques to interrupt itching episodes will open potential paths for future pruritus research.

Onychomycosis is widespread in the adult population, but considered to be rare in children. A number of studies in recent years show a rise in the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis in children. Of these, only a few were population-based. Here, we present a comprehensive cross-sectional population-based survey of toenail onychomycosis in primary school children in Israel. The survey included 1148 children, 598 boys, and 550 girls aged 5 to 14 from primary schools in the Jerusalem vicinity. Each child underwent a physical examination and completed a personal questionnaire, which provided background information of predisposing factors. The survey shows a prevalence of 0.87% of toenail onychomycosis. Although this figure is too small for statistical analysis, some important conclusions could be drawn: prevalence increased with age: boy/girl ratio was 2.2; the dominant etiologic agent was Trichophyton rubrum followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. Infections were probably transferred from adults via the environment to children. Infected children came from different socio-economic backgrounds. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nail diseases in children.

SummaryData in the literature regarding the prevalence of Candida in psoriatic and atopic dermatitis patients are controversial. We conducted a prospective study to determine the prevalence of Candida on the tongue, axillae and groin of psoriatic patients when compared with atopic dermatitis patients and normal controls. During the period 2003-2005, data were collected from 100 psoriatic patients, 100 patients with atopic dermatitis and 100 normal controls. Fungal test specimens for Candida were collected from the axillae, groin and tongue of each patient. There was no increase in the prevalence of Candida in intertriginous area of either psoriatic or atopic dermatitis patients. However, the prevalence of Candida on the tongue was significantly higher in psoriatic patients (32%) compared with atopic dermatitis (18%) (P = 0.024) and higher, although not significantly, than in normal controls (21%) (P = 0.08). Our study did not reveal higher prevalence of Candida in the axillae and groin of either psoriatic or atopic dermatitis patients. There was a higher prevalence of Candida on the tongue of psoriatic patients. The Candida of the tongue was asymptomatic and did not correlate with age, gender, type of psoriasis or severity of the disease, therefore we conclude that this is clinically irrelevant.