OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of visceral fat, as compared with total and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) in obese patients operated with laparascopic adjustable silicone gastric banding (LAP-BAND). SUBJECTS: Six premenopausal morbid obese (body mass index range: 41.4 ± 44.2 kgam 2 ) women, aged 38 ± 42 y, operated with LAP-BAND, evaluated before, 8 weeks after, and 24 weeks after surgery. MEASUREMENTS: Fat distribution was analysed by total body multi-slices MRI. Total AT, gluteo-femoral subcutaneous AT, abdominal subcutaneous AT, and abdominal visceral AT volumes were measured. FM was calculated from MRI-determined total AT volume and AT density. RESULTS: A weight loss of 9.9AE AE3.8 kg was observed in the ®rst 8 weeks after LAP-BAND (0 ± 8 weeks), and a further weight loss of 7.1AE AE4.9 kg in the subsequent 16 weeks (8 ± 24 weeks). Total AT showed a statistically signi®cant reduction of 6.2AE AE4.0 l in 0 ± 8 weeks and a further signi®cant reduction of 7.7AE AE3.9 l in 8 ± 24 weeks (P`0.01 from baseline). A similar trend was observed for both abdominal and gluteo-femoral subcutaneous AT. Visceral AT showed a statistically signi®cant reduction of 1.0AE AE0.9 l in the 0 ± 8 weeks (P`0.05) and a further non-signi®cant reduction of 0.6AE AE0.7 l in 8 ± 24 weeks (P`0.05 from baseline). In 0 ± 8 weeks, the relative reduction of visceral AT was higher than the relative reduction of both total AT and gluteo-femoral subcutaneous AT. A highly signi®cant correlation was observed between the reduction of total AT and the reduction of both abdominal and gluteo-femoral subcutaneous AT. By contrast, in 0 ± 8 weeks, the reduction of total AT and the reduction of visceral AT were not correlated. In a subsequent analysis, both observations collected in the ®rst 8 weeks after LAP-BAND and observations collected in the last 16 weeks are simultaneously considered, leading to a total of 12 time periods (two time periods for each individual patient). In order to identify factors associated with preferential visceral fat reduction, we calculated for each of the 12 time periods the difference between the percentage changes of visceral AT and the percentage changes of total AT. The relationship between this difference and several other variables were investigated by simple correlation analysis. The only variables found to be associated were the initial visceral AT volume, the absolute level of weight loss (kg) per week of observation, and the relative level of weight loss (%) per week of observation. CONCLUSION: In the phase of rapid weight loss following LAP-BAND, a preferential mobilization of visceral fat, as compared with total and subcutaneous AT, can occur. However, this preferential visceral fat reduction occurs only in those patients presenting higher levels of visceral fat deposition at baseline and higher levels of weight loss.

Abstract-We studied a cohort of 1408 older subjects to explore whether postural changes in blood pressure (BP; defined as orthostatic hypo-or hypertension) can predict the onset of cognitive deterioration. Orthostatic hypotension was defined as a drop of 20 mm Hg in systolic or 10 mm Hg in diastolic BP and orthostatic hypertension as a rise of 20 mm Hg in systolic BP. Orthostatic BP values were grouped into quintiles for secondary analyses. Two cognitive assessments were considered:(1) cognitive impairment, that is, Mini-Mental State Examination scores ≤24/30, and (2) cognitive decline (CD), that is, a 3-point decrease in Mini-Mental State Examination score from the baseline to the follow-up. At the baseline, the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and hypertension was 18.3% and 10.9%, respectively. At the follow-up (4.4±1.2 years), 286 participants were found cognitively impaired and 138 had a CD. Using logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential baseline confounders, participants with orthostatic hypertension were at significantly higher risk of CD (odds ratio =1.50; 95% confidence intervals =1.26-1.78). Neither orthostatic hypotension nor orthostatic hypertension raised the risk of developing a cognitive impairment. Using quintiles of orthostatic BP values, we found that both decreases and increases in systolic and diastolic BP raised the risk of CD, but not of cognitive impairment. In conclusion, we found that orthostatic hypertension predicts the onset of CD, but not of cognitive impairment in the elderly, whereas orthostatic hypotension predicts neither of these conditions. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings. Correspondence to Nicola Veronese, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2-35128, Padova, Italy. E-mail ilmannato@gmail.com or Chiara Curreri, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2-35128 Padova, Italy. E-mail chiaracurreri@icloud.com Orthostatic Changes in Blood Pressure and Cognitive Status in the ElderlyThe Progetto Veneto Anziani Study Methods Data Source and SubjectsThis work was based on data obtained for the Progetto Veneto Anziani (Pro.V.A.) study, an observational cohort study of communitydwelling subjects aged ≥65 years residing in Camposampiero and Rovigo (2 towns in northern Italy), who were enrolled without any specific exclusion criteria. 16 Baseline visits were conducted between October 1995 and November 1997. To avoid any sampling bias, the initial sample was randomly divided into 3 (Camposampiero) and 4 (Rovigo) mutually exclusive subsets that were balanced for age and sex distribution. A random sample was selected from the first subset, and the remaining subsets were set aside. As part of the sampling strategy, age and sex were stratified to maintain a male-to-female ratio of 2:3, to oversample the oldest subjects and thereby obtain reliable estimates of conditions with low prevalence rates, and to recruit a sizable proportion of disabled individuals. Th...

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a noninvasive method recently introduced for body fluid evaluation in healthy subjects. The purpose of this paper is to verify the reliability of bioelectrical measurements in extracellular water (ECW) prediction in healthy subjects and in fluid retention states. We studied 40 subjects (19 males and 21 females) aged 21-81 years; 22 were healthy subjects, 12 were affected by chronic heart failure, and 6 by chronic renal failure. In all subjects resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) at 1 and 50 kHz corrected for height were compared with ECW measured by the bromide dilution method. Our results suggested a different behavior of the current in fluid-retention states with respect to healthy subjects. ECW was best predicted by resistance at 1 kHz corrected for height, group (considered as dummy variable), weight and gender (R² = 0.89, p < 0.001, SEE = 1.7 liters). The bioelectrical impedance analysis at 50 kHz explained the 89% of ECW variability when resistance and reactance corrected for height are considered with gender group and weight (R² = 0.89, p < 0.001, SEE = 1.7 liters). In conclusion, the bioelectrical method at 1 kHz can be considered sufficiently accurate in ECW prediction in healthy subjects and in fluid retention states. Also, the bioelectrical impedance analysis at 50 kHz is useful for predicting ECW, but his role must be further investigated.

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