ResumenEl presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología.Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica -organización económica -norte de Chile -costa arreica -Taltal.
AbstractThis study is a reassessment of the chronological and cultural sequence of the Archaic Period in Taltal, in an attempt to document the continuities and transformations in the economic organization of local populations who inhabited this area. We base our understanding of this process on new data generated by our project in recent years, as well as previously published studies in the area. This research has been mainly directed towards the understanding of three variables in the economic organization of Taltal's hunter-gatherer-fisher communities: mobility systems, subsistence practices and technology.
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Mines, spoils, retention walls and pads are the most common material remains of pre-Hispanic mining activity studied by archaeologists. In this paper we will focus on yet another category, the mining ergology, defined as the material artefacts associated with day to day mining activities. Mining ergology seeks to document the technological equipment of the pre-Hispanic miner, which is seldom found in archaeological contexts due to poor preservation of organic materials. The arid conditions of the Atacama desert offer unique conservation possibilities which have shown a varied mining ergology that includes hafted stone hammers bound to wooden handles with rawhide and wool, lithic hammer heads, lithic and wooden shovels, baskets and capachos (rawhide sacks). The study of these components complements our knowledge of pre-Hispanic mining technologies and increases our understanding of the organization of mining operations, the diachrony of mining activity, the variability and continuity of the material record, and therefore of mining and its development in the Andes in general.Key words: Pre-Hispanic mining, Atacama Desert, ergology, copper.
Minas
Dentro del escenario sociopolítico de los Andes del Sur, parecen existir a lo menos dos tradiciones metalúrgicas que coexisten durante el Período Medio. La primera propiamente altiplánica, centrada en torno al Estado de Tiwanaku y la segunda en el noroeste argentino, caracterizada por la metalurgia Aguada. Paralelamente, desde el Período Medio se observa un notable aumento de la presencia de objetos metálicos en San Pedro de Atacama, los cuales aparecen en las tumbas en ciertos casos asociados con objetos Tiwanaku, tales como tabletas con iconografía estatal, cerámica altiplánica, textiles u otros implementos del complejo alucinógeno. Desde hace mucho tiempo la discusión sobre la metalurgia de San Pedro se ha centrado en el carácter exógeno de los bienes metálicos o bien ha supuesto una producción local sin aportar argumentos empíricamente consistentes para respaldarla. En función de estos antecedentes, pensamos que los análisis composicionales constituyen una primera entrada al problema de las procedencias y las tradiciones metalúrgicas de San Pedro de Atacama. En este artículo presentaremos una contribución preliminar a esta discusión, por medio del análisis químico elemental mediante ICP
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