IMPORTANCE Recent recognition of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) detected by mammography has led to the development of clinical trials randomizing women with non-high-grade DCIS to active surveillance, defined as imaging surveillance with or without endocrine therapy, vs standard surgical care.OBJECTIVE To determine the factors associated with underestimation of invasive cancer in patients with a clinical diagnosis of non-high-grade DCIS that would preclude active surveillance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA retrospective cohort study was conducted using records from the National Cancer Database from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2012, of female patients 40 to 99 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of non-high-grade DCIS who underwent definitive surgical treatment. Data analysis was conducted from November 1, 2015, to February 4, 2017.EXPOSURES Patients with an upgraded diagnosis of invasive carcinoma vs those with a diagnosis of DCIS based on final surgical pathologic findings. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe proportions of cases with an upgraded diagnosis of invasive carcinoma from final surgical pathologic findings were compared by tumor, host, and system characteristics. RESULTSOf 37 544 women (mean [SD] age, 59.3 [12.4] years) presenting with a clinical diagnosis of non-high-grade DCIS, 8320 (22.2%) had invasive carcinoma based on final pathologic findings. Invasive carcinomas were more likely to be smaller (>0.5 to Յ1.0 cm vs Յ0.

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. Currently, multimodality treatment is recommended, but the optimal surgical management has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the long-term outcomes of using breast-conserving therapy in patients with IBC undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Twenty-four patients with IBC were treated from 2002 to 2006. NAC was initiated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel. In addition, HER2/neu-positive patients received trastuzumab, whereas HER2/neu-negative patients received bevacizumab. Clinical response was assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging before surgery and pathologic response after surgery. A partial mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection or a modified radical mastectomy was performed based on the surgeon's recommendations and patient's preference. All patients received adjuvant radiation. Of the 24 patients, seven (29%) underwent a partial mastectomy and 17 (71%) underwent a mastectomy. The overall survival rate for partial mastectomy and for mastectomy patients was 59 and 57 per cent ( P = 0.49), respectively, at a median follow-up of 60 months (range, 48 to 92 months). Breast-conserving therapy can be considered in a selected group of patients who demonstrate a good response to NAC.

When ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is found on core needle biopsy, rates of upgrade to invasive cancer of 25 per cent and nodal positivity of 10 per cent have been reported. Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is recommended when mastectomy is performed for DCIS. We investigated the role of SLND in DCIS patients undergoing partial and total mastectomy (TM). During the study period 2004 to 2013, 170 patients with DCIS were identified with a median age of 60 years (range 26–84 years). Of these, 58.2 per cent had partial mastectomy (PM) alone, 10.6 per cent had PM with SLND, and 31.1 per cent had TM with or without contralateral prophylactic mastectomy with SLND. Overall, SLND identified positive nodes in 4.2 per cent of patients. Upgrade to invasive carcinoma on final breast pathology was found in 8.2 per cent of patients overall, including 4.0 per cent of patients undergoing PM alone, 22.2 per cent undergoing PM with SLND, and 11.3 per cent for TM with SLND ( P = 0.8). In this study, patients diagnosed with DCIS on core needle biopsy had lower than expected rates of positive sentinel nodes and upgrade to invasive carcinoma. Surgeons and patients should revisit the necessity of SLND in DCIS patients undergoing mastectomy, which could lead to decreased health expenditure, resources, time, morbidity, and emotional impact on patients.

Breast implant–associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare peripheral T-cell lymphoma composed of anaplastic pleomorphic T cells. The first case was reported in 1997 but was not recognized until 2016 by the World Health Organization. The exact incidence is unknown but is estimated to be 0.1 to 0.3 per 100,000 women with implants. Almost every case has been found in women with textured breast implants. The median time of onset after implantation is 10.7 years. Patients presenting with localized disease, most commonly manifesting as breast enlargement, can be managed solely with surgical resection and have a 100% survival rate. This report describes a PALB2 mutation–positive woman with a strong family history of breast cancer who underwent prophylactic bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy with textured silicone implant placement. She was diagnosed with BIA-ALCL less than 4 years later after seroma aspiration. She was treated with implant removal and capsulectomy; but, surprisingly, final surgical pathology did not show any malignancy.

Objective: The management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) continues to evolve. The purpose of this review is to summarize current and future management of DCIS.Background: DCIS comprises 20% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers in the U.S. It is diagnosed with increasing frequency due to widespread screening mammography and usually appears as a group of calcifications. Patients are frequently asymptomatic at the time of presentation. DCIS is a malignant proliferation of epithelial cells confined to the basement membrane of the breast duct and, by definition, does not metastasize. It is, however, a pre-malignant lesion with the potential for upstaging to invasive carcinoma and is managed similarly with multimodal therapy consisting of wide excision, radiotherapy (RT), and endocrine therapy (ET). DCIS has the potential for over treatment due to potentially low risk of upstaging and low mortality rates. Several large clinical trials are investigating if management can be deescalated by identifying patients with low-risk DCIS who can be safely managed with active surveillance by mammography. Furthermore, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy, and immunotherapy are currently being investigated as well.Methods: A literature review of consensus guidelines and clinical trials evaluating the management of DCIS was performed. This is not a complete systematic review, but a comprehensive review on the subject. Conclusions:The management of DCIS is evolving and the future of care will become more tailored individually for patients.