Lodging of the rice crop is the major limiting factor to rice productivity in cyclone prone areas. Lodging not only reduces the yield but also it deteriorates grain quality impedes mechanical harvesting, increases harvesting and drying costs. Lodging resistance is complex trait influenced by environment and structural properties of the stem. Factors like cultivar, fertilizers application, irrigation, plant density, pest and disease management influences lodging apart from weather parameters. Though semi dwarf gene reduced lodging to certain extent but it resulted in yield plateau and also high yielding semi dwarf rice varieties like Swarna prone to lodging because of weak culm. Breeding for lodging resistant rice varieties is important strategy to combat adverse effects of climatic changed conditions. Direct selection for lodging resistance by visual score in segregating material is herculean task as it is influenced by structural properties of the stem and weather parameters. Type of lodging decides selection of traits suitable for lodging resistance. Stem lodging is the main type of lodging limits the rice productivity in irrigated ecosystem. This review focused on understanding the problems of lodging, effects of lodging, factors influencing lodging resistance, physiological basis of lodging, breeding for lodging resistance and Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with lodging resistance related traits. Root lodging prevails under direct seeded condition where root anchorage is poor. Selection suitable phenotypic traits and genotyping with suitable molecular markers would help in framing suitable breeding strategy for the development of lodging resistant rice varieties.
The present investigation was undertaken with 33 coloured and white rice genotypes to estimate genetic divergence of the genotypes for yield and quality traits. The study involved seven red pericarp, eight black pericarp and 17 white rice genotypes, in addition to the check, BPT 5204. The diversity was evaluated using multivariate analysis technique of Mahalanobis [4] D 2 . The 33 rice genotypes studied were grouped into seven clusters. Cluster I was observed to be the largest with 18 genotypes, followed by Cluster III with nine genotypes and Cluster II with two genotypes. The clusters, IV, V, VI and VII were monogenotypic. The pattern of distribution of genotypes into various clusters was observed to be at random with no relation to geographical diversity. Results on inter-cluster distances revealed maximum diversity between genotypes of cluster I and cluster VII, while intra-cluster distance was noticed to be maximum for cluster III. Cluster II had recorded maximum grain yield per plant, in addition to test weight and plant height along with hulling percentage. The cluster II had also recorded intermediate amylose content and alkali spreading value (ASV) in addition to protein content more than 10 per cent and zinc more than 20ppm along with iron more than 10ppm. Further, maximum contribution towards genetic divergence was noticed by total phenol content (28.45%), followed by Total antioxidant activity (16.67%) and minimum by length/breadth ratio (0.10%).
Papaya fruits Cv. Red Lady treated with ethylene of different concentrations i.e. 60, 80, 100 and 120 ppm for five minutes at different temperature conditions viz., 16, 20, 24 and 28 ºC and 95% RH ripened in ripening chamber and untreated fruits kept at ambient temperature (30-35 ºC). Then the papaya fruits were analyzed for physico-chemical changes and sensory qualities. It was found that papaya fruits exposed to ethylene gas in the ripening chamber triggered the ripening process and showed that the increasing trends in L*, a*, b* values of colour, TSS (°Brix), Weight loss (%), reducing sugars (%) and decreasing trends in firmness (N), Titratable acidity (TA) during ripening in all the treatment combinations during advancement of ripening period from second day to eighth day. It was observed that papaya fruits Cv. Red Lady ripened by ethylene of 100 ppm for 5 minutes at 24 ºC, 95% RH showed better results in respect of a high overall acceptability score of 8.63.
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