In this study, the effects of the supplementation of natural and synthetic antioxidant additives in layer diets on egg weight loss, yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and fatty acid composition of eggs stored at different temperatures and duration were evaluated. In total, 112 48-weeks-old Bovans White layers were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with four replicates of seven birds each. The treatments consisted of a control diet, containing no additives, and diets with the inclusion of 200 mg synthetic vitamin E/kg, 1000 mg thyme extract/kg and 1000 mg rosemary extract/kg. Dietary treatments did not influence (p>0.05) relative weight loss of eggs stored for 14, 28, and 56 days, except for those from rosemary-fed hens stored at room temperature on d 42, which were significantly lighter than the eggs from vitamin E-and thyme-fed hens (p<0.001). Relative egg weight loss was significantly higher (p<0.001) when stored at room temperature than under refrigeration, independently of storage time. In eggs stored at room temperature, yolk TBARS values were significantly lower (p<0.001) in the eggs of vitamin E-fed hens, whereas no influence (p>0.05) of dietary treatment on yolk TBARS values were detected in refrigerated eggs. The inclusion of the synthetic and both natural antioxidants in layer diets significantly reduced stearic acid (C18: 0) level in the egg yolk. In addition, only natural antioxidants significantly increased yolk levels of palmitoleic acid (C16: 1) and vaccenic acid (C18: 1n7). The results of the present study showed that adequate storage temperature was more effective in improving egg shelf life than feeding layers synthetic or natural antioxidant additives. However, the positive effects of the evaluated natural antioxidants on yolk fatty acid composition suggest their supplementation to layer diets may provide health benefits to the consumer.

This study was aimed at determining the effects of two phytogenic antioxidants, namely, cinnamaldehyde and 1,8-cineole, and an antibiotic added to laying hen feed on the fatty acid profile of egg yolk and the weight loss and lipid peroxidation levels of eggs stored for different periods. Ninety-six 48-week-old Bovans White hens were randomly assigned to four groups, each with four replicates of six hens per replicate. The four groups were provided with the following feeds: maize and soybean-based laying hen feed, basal ration (control group); basal ration added 500 mg/kg of an antibiotic; basal ration added 100 mg/kg of cinnamaldehyde; and basal ration added 100 mg/kg of 1,8-cineole. At the end of an eight-week feeding schedule, 48 eggs, including 12 from each group, were used for yolk fatty acid analysis. In total, 240 eggs, including 48 eggs for each of the five different storage periods tested (1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days), were collected for the detection of egg weight loss and yolk malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The feed supplements cinnamaldehyde and 1,8-cineole were determined to have significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in the yolk of eggs stored for 14, 28, 42, and 56 days, when compared with the results of the control group and antibiotic-treated group. Furthermore, dietary cinnamaldehyde supplementation was determined to have decreased the yolk level of myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid, and to have increased the yolk level of oleic acid, the major unsaturated fatty acid found in egg yolk (46.28%) in comparison with the levels measured in the other three groups. Cinnamaldehyde and 1,8-cineole were determined to extend the shelf life of eggs by providing protection against free oxygen radicals. Cinnamaldehyde could be used as an alternative feed supplement to enrich the yolk fatty acid profile in unsaturated fatty acids.

Bu çalışma, yumurtacı tavuk yemlerine farklı dozlarda biberiye uçucu yağı ilavelerinin performans, yumurta kalite kriterleri, taze ve depolanan yumurta sarısı malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyi üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek üzere yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, tavuklar tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre rastgele 6 gruba ayrılmış ve her bir grup 5 tekerrüre ayrılmıştır. Her tekerrürde 8 tavuk olmak üzere toplam 240 adet, 32 haftalık yaşta Bovans genotipi beyaz yumurtacı tavuk kullanılmıştır. Deneme grupları; Kontrol (Negatif Kontrol), 500 mg/kg antibiyotik (Pozitif Kontrol 1), 200 mg/kg vitamin E (Pozitif Kontrol 2), 100 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı, 200 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı ve 300 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı içeren karma yemle oluşturulmuştur. Canlı ağırlık, yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı, hasarlı yumurta oranı, ölüm oranı ve yumurta kalite kriterleri bakımından kontrol ve deneme grupları arasında önemli bir fark bulunmamış fakat yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ve yumurta sarısı MDA değerleri önemli düzeyde etkilenmiştir. Negatif kontrol grubuna göre tüm gruplar yem tüketimini düşürmüş 500 mg/kg antibiyotik ve 100 mg/kg biberiye dozu hariç diğer dozlar yemden yararlanma oranını önemli düzeyde iyileştirmiştir. Karma yeme 100 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağ ilavesi 42 ve 56 günlük depolama süresinde ve 200 mg/kg vitamin E ilavesi ise tüm depolama sürelerinde yumurta sarısı MDA değerlerini önemli düzeyde düşürmüştür. Sonuç olarak yumurtacı kanatlı karma yemlerinde 200 mg/kg vitamin E ve 100 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı katkıları lipit oksidasyonunu önlemek için kullanılabilir.

This study was conducted to determine the effects on performance, egg quality parameters and some serum profiles of vitamin E, thyme and rosemary extracts that were added to laying hen feeds. One hundred twelve 48-week-old Bovans-genotype white laying hens were used in the research. In the study, hens were randomly divided into four groups, each comprising of four replicates of seven hens. The first group was fed with the basal diet as a control. The other three groups were fed diets with 200 mg/kg vitamin E, with 1000 mg/kg thyme, and with 1000 mg/kg rosemary for eight weeks. As a result, vitamin E increased egg production statistically compared with feeds with plant extracts. Thyme-supplemented feed increased egg weight significantly. However, it reduced egg production. Rosemary supplementation generated profit by reducing the feed intake, but had a negative effect by reducing egg weight and egg production. The cholesterol level in the blood serum decreased with thyme supplementation. In addition, blood triglyceride level decreased at a statistically significant level with the supplementation of both thyme and rosemary. In the light of these results, it can be said that the supplementation of vitamin E, thyme and rosemary extracts has a positive effect on some performance parameters and animal health. Since healthier products are obtained from healthy animals, the use of these natural additives in laying hen feeds could be recommended after dose trials.

This study was aimed at determining the effects of various levels of dietary olive cake meal (OCM) on certain blood parameters and breast muscle fatty acid and cholesterol levels. For this purpose, 400 day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks of both sexes were randomly assigned to four trial groups, each including five replicates of 20 animals. The quail were fed on a maize and soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of OCM for six weeks. Dietary supplementation with 5% and 7.5% of OCM decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood serum, and increased cholesterol levels in the breast muscle. Dietary supplementation with various levels of OCM decreased saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and increased monounsaturated fatty acid and total unsaturated fatty acid levels in the breast muscle. As a result, it was concluded that, olive cake meal, which contains a high level of olive oil, could be incorporated in poultry feed at a level of 5%, owing to its beneficial effects of decreasing serum LDL cholesterol, which plays a major role in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases, and in reducing saturated fatty acid levels in breast muscle.

Bu çalışma, yumurtacı tavuk karma yemlerine farklı oranlarda ilave edilen biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) uçucu yağının, E vitamini (α-tokoferol asetat) ve antibiyotik (klortetrasiklin) ile karşılaştırmalı olarak; yumurta sarısı yağ asitleri kompozisyonu, kolesterol ve E vitamini düzeyini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 32 haftalık yaşta 240 adet Bovans genotipi beyaz yumurtacı tavuklar rastgele 5 tekerrürlü olarak 6 gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplardan biri standart bazal yemle beslenirken, diğerleri standart bazal yeme 500 mg/kg antibiyotik, 200 mg/kg E vitamini, 100, 200 ve 300 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı içeren yemlerle 90 gün süreyle beslenmişlerdir. Çalışmada karma yeme antibiyotik, vitamin E ve biberiye uçucu yağı ilaveleri, yumurta sarısı kolesterol düzeyini etkilemezken, yağ asitleri kompozisyonu ve E vitamini miktarını önemli olarak etkilemiştir. Biberiye uçucu yağının 100 mg/kg'lık dozu yumurta sarısı oleik asit miktarını arttırarak toplam tekli doymamış yağ asitleri (TDYA) miktarını artırmış ve linoleik asit miktarını azaltarak toplam çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (ÇDYA) miktarını düşürmüştür. Yeme 200 mg/kg E vitamini ilavesi ile yemden yumurtaya önemli miktarda E vitamininin geçtiği saptanmıştır. Dolayısıyla yumurta sarısı yağ asitleri kompozisyonunu ve E vitamini düzeyindeki değişim ile yumurtanın kimyasal kompozisyonunda yeme ilave edilen katkılara bağlı olarak pozitif bir değişim olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, karma yeme 100 mg/kg biberiye uçucu yağı ve 200 mg/kg E vitamini katkısı ile antioksidan kapasitesi yüksek ve lipit oksidasyonuna karşı daha dirençli yumurta üretimine katkı sağlanabilir. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of variant doses of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils (REO), vitamin E (α-tocopheryl acetate) and antibiotic (chlortetracyclin) on the concentration of vitamin E, fatty acid composition, cholesterol levels in the yolk. In this experiment, 32 weeks old Bovans genotype and 240 white laying hens were randomly separated to six treatment groups with five replicas. While the control group was fed with basal diet the treatment groups were supplemented with 500 mg/kg antibiotics; 200 mg/kg vitamin E; 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg REO to basal diet for 90 consecutive days. The results showed that addition of antibiotics, vitamin E and REO to the diet had no effects on egg cholesterol, while fatty acid composition and vitamin E contents of the yolk were significantly affected. Addition of 100 mg/kg REO to the diet increased total mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) by increasing oleic acid level but decreased Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by decreasing linoleic acid content of the yolk. Addition of 200 mg/kg vitamin E to the diet significantly increased vitamin E content of egg. The study showed that the changes in yolk fatty acid composition and vitamin E content due to the feed additives, could affect positively in chemical composition of eggs. In conclusion, 100 mg/kg REO and 200 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation to the diet might cause high a...

Çalışmada, Hatay ilinde bulunan karma yem ve ham madde üretim işletmelerinin teknik, alt yapı, üretim ve pazarlama alanlarında karşılaştıkları sorunların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, sekiz hammadde, üç karma yem işletmesi olmak üzere toplam 11 adet işletmede anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Hatay ilinde karma yem işletmelerinde 25.100 ton kapasiteli 26 adet, hammadde işletmelerinde ise 137.900 ton kapasiteli 55 adet depo bulunmaktadır. Hammadde olarak çoğunlukla pamuk tohumu küspesi, karma yem olarak büyükbaş besi ve süt yemi üretimi yapılmaktadır. İşletmelerde üretim şekli toz ve pelet, paketlemede ise dökme ve 50 kg'lık çuvallı ambalaj şeklindedir. Hammaddeler Akdeniz Bölgesi'nden alınıp, işlendikten sonra çoğunlukla aynı bölgeye satılmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar ihracat yapılmadığı ancak, ihracata yönelik çalışmaların planlandığı belirlenmiştir. Karma yem işletmelerinin tümünde, hammadde işletmelerinin ise %62.5'inde yem analiz laboratuvarı bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. İşletme sahipleri; döviz kuru, akaryakıt ve hammadde fiyatlarındaki artışın karma yemin maliyetini artırdığını, yem satışında ve satılan yemin parasını zamanında tahsil etmede sıkıntı yaşadıklarını, bakım işçi, elektrik masraflarının yüksek olduğunu ve işletmelerinin mevcut durumundan %90.9 oranında kısmen ya da tamamen memnun olmadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, karma yem ve hammadde işletme sahiplerinin sınır kenti olan ilin dış pazarlara açılma konusundaki avantajını değerlendiremedikleri ortaya çıkmıştır.

No abstract