In order to develop wide-band low-loss windows for W-band vacuum electronic devices and easily fabricate them, symmetric and asymmetric pillbox windows are investigated and reported in this paper. A symmetric pillbox window and an asymmetric pillow-box window were designed, simulation optimized, fabricated, and tested. The initial parameters for the two pillbox windows were designed by equivalent circuit theory. Computer simulation technology (CST) three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulation software was used to verify and optimize the design. Because of the uncontrollability of welding during the experiment, this article provides two solutions. One is to measure and reprocess the symmetrical pillbox window with the dielectric sheet welded to reduce the influence of welding on the measurement results; the other is an asymmetrical box window which is designed to avoid the error caused by the welding of the box window. The best experimental results for the symmetric pillbox window were |S21| close to 1 dB and reflection parameter |S11| close to 10 dB in the frequency range of 77–110 GHz. The experimental results for the asymmetric pillbox window were |S21| < 1 dB nearly in the frequency range of 76–109.5 GHz. The experimental results show that both solutions efficiently complete the design of broadband pillbox windows and would potentially be operated in the gigahertz millimeter-wave region.
Pressure, density, temperature, and reflectivity measurements along the principal Hugoniot of Ge-doped plastics used in Inertial Confinement Fusion capsules surrogates were obtained to pressures reaching up to 7 Mbar and compared to Quotidian Equation of State models. The experiment was performed using the GEKKO XII laser at the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University in Japan. High precision measurements of pressure and density were obtained using a quartz standard and found to be in good agreement with theoretical Hugoniot curves. Modeling of reflectivity measurements show that shocked samples can be described as poor metals and that mean ionization calculated within the frame of QEOS is overestimated. Similarly, shock temperatures were found to be below theoretical Hugoniot curves. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.
An extended interaction frequency‐locking oscillator based on carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode is proposed to overcome locked‐frequency limits of the conventional oscillator. Compared with the conventional oscillators, the oscillation frequency is locked by a modulation electron beam, which can be obtained in a field emission CNT cold cathode electron gun. The frequency‐locking signal does not enter the high‐frequency (HF) system but imposes an additional HF electric field on the cathode surface by a microstrip structure, which consumes considerably less power to lock the oscillation frequency. A ladder structure extended interaction oscillator operating in 2π mode is numerically investigated by three‐dimensional Particle‐In‐Cell simulation code. By analysing the impacts of different frequency‐locking power on the locked ranges, the results show that the average output power of 30.6 W is achieved at 35.11 GHz when the frequency‐locking power consumption is 460 mW. The 3‐dB bandwidth of a frequency‐locking region reaches 100 MHz.
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