The requirements for field research for Polish conditions demand proper dependences. Dependences based on more than 30 localizations for different genetic types of soils were derived for the area of Poland. Direct results from CPT, DMT and profiles from boreholes have been collected at the test sites for individual localization. For interpretation of results, dependences and diagrams of CPTU versus DMT were created. Correlations on the background of results from literature for different types of soils for numerous research areas were collected, with established dependences for Polish grounds conditions. Additionally some recommendations for the interpretation of the results from CPTU and DMT tests for analysed soils have been proposed.
Accurate frost depth prediction is an important aspect in different engineering designs such as for pavements, buildings, bridge foundations, and utility lines. This paper presents a probabilistic method of assessment of the depth of soil freezing. Annual (winter) maxima of the position of the zero centigrade temperature measured in the soil were approximated by Gumbel probability distribution. Its parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood method. The results received on the basis of data from 36 meteorological stations in Poland and 50 years of observations, as characteristic values with 50-year return period, reflect the influence of the climatic conditions on the freezing depth. On the other hand, the soil structure and its conditions also play an important role in freezing. Nowadays they may be taken into account using correction coefficients. It is concluded that this method is more precise than a method using the air freezing index because through the use of direct measurements it takes into account additional factors affecting the actual depth of freezing. The obtained results are not the same as those given in the older Polish Standard which was based on the simplified and limited data. The results confirm the impact of climate change on ground freezing depth.
This ar ti cle pres ents the re sults of seis mic shear wave ve loc ity (V S ) mea sure ments us ing the CSWS/SASW (con tin u ous surface wave sys tem/spec tral anal y sis of sur face waves) and SDMT (seis mic flat dilatometer) meth ods, as well as BET (bender el e ment test), on an ex per i men tal test site (and sam ples taken from it). The test site, a geo log i cally rel a tively uni form al lu vial sand for ma tion area, was care fully cho sen and checked for uni for mity by means of drillings and soundings. The re search aimed to de ter mine how re sults from in di rect, non-in va sive sur face geo phys i cal tests (SASW and CSWS) cor re spond with those from SDMT pen e tra tion tests as well as the BET lab o ra tory seis mic method, and how some meth od olog i cal as pects can in flu ence them. Dif fer ent wave sources and fre quency were ex am ined as the main fac tors for in ter pre ta tion. The in fluence of other ex am ined fac tors is also dis cussed.Key words: seis mic meth ods, shear wave ve loc ity, meth od ol ogy in flu ence.
A Passive House (PH) system is not only an opportunity but also a necessity for the further development of sustainable eco-buildings. Construction of the foundation in energy-efficient houses is the key to maintaining low energy losses. The appropriate selection of building materials requires considering the thermal conditions of the environment, including its location and the zero isotherms in the ground. The main objective of this work is to analyze the possibilities of designing foundations for PHs in Poland, according to the current methodological data. In order to realize the basic aims, the work was divided into the following materials and methods: (I) literature review; (II) database of PH in Central Europe; (III) method of depth of ground freezing determination; (IV) selection of the joint of slab-on-ground foundation and external wall to analysis; (V) description and validation of the heat-transfer model. The result of the research work is: (i) analysis of the foundation under the conditions of freezing of the ground in Poland; (ii) description and validation of the heat-transfer model. The research has revealed that in the Polish climate zone, the most efficient solution for passive buildings is to build them on a foundation slab. The foundation of a building below the latest specified ground frost depths in Poland is inefficient in terms of, for example, thermal insulation, economics, and the idea of PH.
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