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Abstract:In this paper, we use GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) to analyze the effects of air temperature and precipitation on the characteristics of soil moisture in the eastern region of China from 1961 to 2011. We find that the temperature and precipitation in different seasons have different degrees of influence on the characteristics of soil moisture in each layer. The results show that over the last 50 years, the soil moisture in eastern China has a tendency to dry out, especially between the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The change of soil moisture with the depth of soil layer has similar inter-annual and seasonal patterns. Soil moisture in different depths (0-200 cm) positively correlates with the air temperatures of spring, summer and autumn, but negatively correlates with the air temperature in winter at 0-10 cm, 40-100 cm and 100-200 cm. Similarly, soil moisture is positively related to the precipitation in spring, summer and autumn, and the opposite is true in winter. The results also show that precipitation has a significant effect on the shallow soil moisture (0-10 cm), while air temperature most affects the deep soil moisture (100-200 cm).

Abstract:To accurately achieve side scan sonar (SSS) image target detection, a novel target detection algorithm based on a neutrosophic set (NS) and diffusion maps (DMs) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the neutrosophic subset images were obtained by transforming the input SSS image into the NS domain. Secondly, the shadowed areas of the SSS image were detected using the single gray value threshold method before the diffusion map was calculated. Lastly, based on the diffusion map, the target areas were detected using the improved target scoring equation defined by the diffusion distance and texture feature. The experiments using SSS images of single clear and unclear targets, with or without shadowed areas, showed that the algorithm accurately detects targets. Experiments using SSS images of multiple targets, with or without shadowed areas, showed that no false or missing detections occurred. The target areas were also accurately detected in SSS images with complex features such as sand wave terrain. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were assessed.

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The history records of lead and its stable isotopic ratios were determined in a sediment core to receive anthropogenic impacts on the Lake Hailing in eastern China. The sediment core was dated based on (210)Pb, (137)Cs, and (239+240)Pu. The historical changes of Pb/Al and Pb isotope ratios showed increasing trend upward throughout the core, suggesting changes in energy usage and correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment, Linyi City, in eastern China. Based on the mixing end member model of Pb isotope ratios, coal combustion emission dominated anthropogenic Pb sources in the half part of the century contributing 13 to 43 % of total Pb in sediment. Moreover, contributions of chemical and organic fertilizer were 1-13 and 5-14 %, respectively. In contrast, the contribution of leaded gasoline was low than 8 %. The results indicated that historical records of Pb contamination predominantly sourced from coal combustion and chemical and organic fertilizer in the catchment. In addition, an increase of coal combustion source and fertilizers was found throughout the sediment core, whereas the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined after 2000s, which is attributed to the phaseout of leaded gasoline in China.