Abstract. Fisheries bycatch is considered the most serious threat globally to long-lived marine megafauna (e.g., mammals, birds, turtles, elasmobranchs). However, bycatch assessments to date have not evaluated population-level bycatch impacts across fishing gears. Here, we provide the first global, multigear evaluation of population-level fisheries bycatch impacts for marine turtles. To compare bycatch impacts of multiple gears within and among marine turtle populations (or regional management units, RMUs), we compiled more than 1,800 records from over 230 sources of reported marine turtle bycatch in longline, net, and trawl fisheries worldwide that were published between 1990-2011. The highest bycatch rates and levels of observed effort for each gear category occurred in the East Pacific, Northwest and Southwest Atlantic, and Mediterranean regions, which were also the regions of highest data availability. Overall, available data were dominated by longline records (nearly 60% of all records), and were nonuniformly distributed, with significant data gaps around Africa, in the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia. We found that bycatch impact scores-which integrate information on bycatch rates, fishing effort, mortality rates, and body sizes (i.e., proxies for reproductive values) of turtles taken as bycatch-as well as mortality rates in particular, were significantly lower in longline fishing gear than in net and trawl fishing gears. Based on bycatch impact scores and RMU-specific population metrics, we identified the RMUs most and least threatened by bycatch globally, and found wide variation among species, regions, and gears within these classifications. The lack of regional or species-specific patterns in bycatch impacts across fishing gears suggests that gear types and RMUs in which bycatch has the highest impact depend on spatially-explicit overlaps of fisheries (e.g., gear characteristics, fishing practices, target species), marine turtle populations (e.g., conservation status, aggregation areas), and underlying habitat features (e.g., oceanographic conditions). Our study provides a blueprint both for prioritizing limited conservation resources toward managing fishing gears and practices with the highest population impacts on sea turtles and for enhancing data collection and reporting efforts.
Objectives-To determine if bright light can improve sleep in older individuals with insomnia.Design-Single-blind, placebo-controlled, twelve-week, parallel-group randomized design comparing four treatment groups representing a factorial combination of two lighting conditions and two times of light administration.Setting-At-home light treatment, eight office therapy sessions.Participants-Thirty six females, fifteen males (63.6 ± 7.1 years) meeting primary insomnia criteria, recruited from the community.Interventions-A 12-week program of sleep hygiene and exposure either to bright (∼4000 lux) or dim light (∼65 lux) scheduled daily in the morning or evening for 45 minutes.Measurements and Results-Within group changes were observed for subjective sleep measures (sleep logs, questionnaires) after morning or evening bright light, but were not significantly different from those observed after exposure to scheduled dim light. Objective sleep changes (actigraphy, polysomnography) after treatment were not significantly different between bright and dim light groups. Scheduled light exposure was able to shift circadian phase predictably, but was unrelated to changes in objective or subjective sleep measures. A polymorphism in CLOCK predicted morningness, but did not moderate the effects of light on sleep. The phase angle between the circadian system (melatonin midpoint) and sleep (darkness) Address correspondence to: Jerome Yesavage, M.D., Palo Alto VA Health Care System (151Y),
Background:Atlastin is large GTPase that catalyzes the homotypic fusion of ER membranes. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that the C-terminal tail of Atlastin affects its function. Conclusion:The amphipathic C-terminal tail of Atlastin destabilizes lipid bilayers to promote membrane fusion. Significance: Describing the mechanism of Atlastin-mediated fusion is a critical step in our understanding of ER structure formation.
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