Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third cause of global cancer mortality. Increasing evidence suggest that STAT3 is a critical mediator of oncogenic signaling in HCC and controls the expression of several genes involved in proliferation, survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, the novel agents that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential for both prevention and treatment of HCC.Experimental Design: The effect of butein on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases, STAT3-regulated gene products, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis was investigated. The in vivo effect of butein on the growth of human HCC xenograft tumors in male athymic nu/nu mice was also examined.Results: We tested an agent, butein, for its ability to suppress STAT3 activation in HCC cells and nude mice model along with prospectively testing the hypothesis of STAT3 inhibition in a virtual predictive functional proteomics tumor pathway technology platform. We found that butein inhibited both constitutive and inducible STAT3 activation in HCC cells. The suppression was mediated through the inhibition of activation of upstream kinases c-Src and Janus-activated kinase 2. Butein inhibited proliferation and significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in HCC cells. When administered intraperitoneally, butein inhibited the growth of human HCC xenograft tumors in male athymic nu/nu mice.Conclusions: Overall, cumulative results from experimental and predictive studies suggest that butein exerts its antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects through suppression of STAT3 signaling in HCC both in vitro and in vivo.

Increasing evidences indicate that CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the process of distant site metastasis that accounts for more than 90% of prostate cancer related deaths in patients. Thus, novel drugs that can downregulate CXCR4/CXCL12 axis have a great potential in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. In this report, we tested an agent, ursolic acid (UA) for its ability to modulate CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer cell lines and inhibit metastasis in vivo in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. We observed that UA downregulated the expression of CXCR4 in prostate cancer cells irrespective of their HER2 status in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Neither proteasome inhibitor nor lysosomal stabilization had any effect on UA-induced decrease in CXCR4 expression. When investigated for the molecular mechanisms, it was observed that the downregulation of CXCR4 was due to transcriptional regulation as indicated by downregulation of mRNA expression, inhibition of NF-jB activation and modulation of chromatin immunoprecipitation activity. Suppression of CXCR4 expression by UA further correlated with the inhibition of CXCL12-induced migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Finally, we also found that UA treatment can inhibit metastasis of prostate cancer to distal organs, including lung and liver and suppress CXCR4 expression levels in the prostate tissues of TRAMP mice. Overall, our experimental findings suggest that UA exerts its antimetastatic effects through the suppression of CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo.

Background and Purpose Aberrant activation of STAT3 is frequently encountered and promotes proliferation, survival, metastasis and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we have investigated whether emodin mediates its effect through interference with the STAT3 activation pathway in HCC. Experimental Approach The effect of emodin on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases and apoptosis was investigated using various HCC cell lines. Additionally, we also used a predictive tumour technology to analyse the effects of emodin . The in vivo effects of emodin were assessed in an orthotopic mouse model of HCC. Key Results Emodin suppressed STAT3 activation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in HCC cells, mediated by the modulation of activation of upstream kinases c‐Src, JAK1 and JAK2. Vanadate treatment reversed emodin‐induced down‐regulation of STAT3, suggesting the involvement of a tyrosine phosphatase and emodin induced the expression of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 that correlated with the down‐regulation of constitutive STAT3 activation. Interestingly, silencing of the SHP‐1 gene by siRNA abolished the ability of emodin to inhibit STAT3 activation. Finally, when administered i.p., emodin inhibited the growth of human HCC orthotopic tumours in male athymic nu/nu mice and STAT3 activation in tumour tissues. Conclusions and Implications Emodin mediated its effects predominantly through inhibition of the STAT3 signalling cascade and thus has a particular potential for the treatment of cancers expressing constitutively activated STAT3.

Angiogenesis is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. In this study, we investigated whether γ-tocotrienol can abrogate angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and if so, through what molecular mechanisms. We observed that γ-tocotrienol inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced migration, invasion, tube formation and viability of HUVECs in vitro. Moreover, γ-tocotrienol reduced the number of capillary sprouts from matrigel embedded rat thoracic aortic ring in a dose-dependent manner. Also, in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, γ-tocotrienol significantly reduced the blood vessels formation. We further noticed that γ-tocotrienol blocked angiogenesis in an in vivo matrigel plug assay. Furthermore, γ-tocotrienol inhibited VEGF-induced autophosphorylation of VEGFR2 in HUVECs and also suppressed the constitutive activation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction cascades in HUVECs as well as in HCC cells. Interestingly, γ-tocotrienol was also found to significantly reduce the tumor growth in an orthotopic HCC mouse model and inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis in HCC patient xenografts through the suppression of various biomarkers of proliferation and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that γ-tocotrienol might be a promising anti-angiogenic drug with significant antitumor activity in HCC.