Photocatalytic conversion of solar energy to fuels, such as hydrogen, is attracting enormous interest, driven by the promise of addressing both energy supply and storage. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have been at the forefront of these efforts owing to their favourable and tunable optical and electronic properties as well as advances in their synthesis. The efficiency of the photocatalysts is often limited by the slow transfer and subsequent reactions of the photoexcited holes and the ensuing high charge recombination rates. Here we propose that employing a hydroxyl anion/radical redox couple to efficiently relay the hole from the semiconductor to the scavenger leads to a marked increase in the H2 generation rate without using expensive noble metal co-catalysts. The apparent quantum yield and the formation rate under 447 nm laser illumination exceeded 53% and 63 mmol g(-1) h(-1), respectively. The fast hole transfer confers long-term photostability on the system and opens new pathways to improve the oxidation side of full water splitting.
Scheme 1.Structures of "graphitic carbon nitrides." Shown are the 1D polymer melon (left), the fully condensed 2D counterpart (middle), and the 2D network PHI.
KSCN HClScheme 2. Simplified reaction scheme of the compound synthesized in this work, showing melon and its conversion to NCN-CN x by a postsynthetic reaction using KSCN melt, and its acid-induced hydrolysis to urea-CN x .
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