Graphical abstract

and T.C.M.F. performed all of the retrovirus transductions and confocal microscopy. J.U. developed the PEPCK tetramer and provided advice on its use. N.G. and W.R.H. produced the Plasmodium peptide-MHC I tetramer and helped design the PbT-I cell-killing assays.

Graphical Abstract Highlights d Type I IFNs are major upstream regulators of CD4 + T cells from VL patients d Type I IFN signaling-deficient mice have improved control of Leishmania donovani d Type I IFNs inhibit IFNg but promote IL-10-producing antigen-specific CD4 + T cells d Blocking type I IFN signaling enhances anti-parasitic CD4 + T cell responses

This information is current as Leishmania donovani byExperimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused Immunoregulatory Mechanisms during Mediated − T Cells and IL-10 Regulatory + Foxp3 + Distinct Roles for CD4