The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous losses in terms of human lives and economy in United States. The outbreak has been continuing to heavily impact the mental health of people. Developing key strategies to prevent mental illnesses is extremely important for the well-being of people. A survey conducted during the last week of March 2020 showed that 72% of Americans felt that their lives were impacted by the outbreak, which was a 32% increase from the survey conducted only 2 weeks earlier. The results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 infections/casualties and growing public concern. These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The authors review a recently published model on COVID-19 related fear among the people. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. Loss of employment or the fear of losing employment is another major concern leading to mental illnesses. Several unique strategies to prevent or mitigate mental illnesses are discussed.

Summary Wax or paraffin formation in subsea pipelines is a major problem in the upstream petroleum industry, accounting for tremendous economic losses. Researchers have reported that approximately 85% of the world's oils encounter problems from wax formation (Thota and Onyeanuna 2016). In this manuscript, the authors briefly discuss the mechanism of wax formation in pipelines. Next, a review of various wax-mitigation technologies is provided. The review includes citations of various thermal, chemical, mechanical, biological, and other innovative methods reported by previous researchers and used in the industry.

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This study evaluates the freezing response of three different cell types, Pacific oyster embryos (~50 m in diameter), Jurkat cells and HeLa cells (~12 to 15 m's in diameter), using cryomicroscopy. Freezing experiments were performed on oyster embryos at cooling rates of either 5 or 10 ˚C/min, while Jurkats were cooled at either 1 or 10 ˚C/min and HeLa cells were cooled at either 1, 15 or 20 ˚C/min, respectively. The experiments with oyster embryos were primarily designed to investigate the phenomena of intracellular ice formation (IIF) while the experiments for Jurkat and HeLa cells were designed to investigate both cellular dehydration and IIF during freezing. IIF was characterized by the abrupt black flashing during the cooling steps while the cellular dehydration experiments were characterized by the volumetric (projected area) shrinkage of the cells during the cooling steps. Mathematical models were fit to the cellular dehydration data to obtain the Jurkat and HeLa cell membrane permeability (L pg ) at the reference temperature (273.15 K), the apparent activation energy of the cellular dehydration process (E Lp ) or the temperature dependence of L pg . The temperature dependence of IIF in the oyster embryos, the Jurkat cells and the HeLa cells were also determined.

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