Aflatoxins gain entry into food products when proper drying, storage, and transport conditions are not applied. They comprise of closely related compounds for example, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The order of toxicity among aflatoxis is B1 > G1 > B2 > G2. In developing countries, the serious illness and deaths are common due to acute aflatoxicosis and human children are more prone to their attack. Chronic aflatoxicosis affects on animal nutrition status. Aflatoxins are commonly extracted from foodstuffs by liquid–liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and solid phase extraction. They are analyzed by thin layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC‐mass spectrometry and UV‐Visible spectroscopy. They demonstrate high stability within food or feed stuffs and can be removed by physical, chemical, and biological means. Physical approaches use heat, sunlight, UV light, gamma rays, or adsorption phenomenon while chemical methods involve various fungicides, herbal plant extracts, oxidizing/hydrolytic/chlorinating agents, or clay. Biological approaches involve either probiotic and yeast mixtures or atoxigenic fungi. A proper detoxification procedure ensures the nutritional value of food/feed stuffs and does not generate new carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic substances. Consideration of hygienic precautions and technical assistance, implementation of regulatory initiatives, and stricter quality control measures are all important for their control. Practical applications Aflatoxins are toxic metablotics produced primarily by means of fungal species. Cereals, spices, nuts, grapes, apples, dried fruit, dried vegetables (peas, beans), oil seeds, teas, cocoa, and coffees are commonly infected aflatoxins. Their presence in an animal diet severely affects the kidneys, liver, rate of growth and reproduction, serious illness, and even death. The aflatoxin problem is more common in developing countries. The present work highlights the physical and chemical nature of aflatoxins, various types of aflatoxicosis, and the strategies used for their control; their control methods have been correlated with the environmental conditions. Attempts have also been made to discuss the techniques used for their detection, extraction, identification, analysis, and characterization.
ABSTRACT. Five novel sulfonamides derivatives HR5-HR8 and HR14 were synthesized by sulfonylation of primary or secondary amine in the presence of base through nucleophilic substitution reaction. Structural elucidation was carried out through FT-IR, UV, 1 H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Prepared compounds were evaluated against pathogenic strains of bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) and fungi (A. flavous and A. nyger). Results were compared against standard antifungal and bacterial drug already available in market (isoconazole and sulfmethoxazole). It was found that compound HR14 showed good activity with MIC 1.5 µg/mL and 2.0 µg/mL for S. aurues and E. coli, respectively. While HR5 showed best antifungal activity with zone of inhibition 27.2+0.12 mm (MIC: 5.25 µg/mL) and 18.1+0.12 mm (MIC: 12.5 µg/mL) against A. flavous and A. nyger, respectively. Synthesized compounds were also tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity by using DDPH. Amongst all compounds HR5 was found to have potential activity with 15.60% antioxidant activity at 6 mM concentration.
Current studies focus on various aspects of lead ‘s poisoning, its distribution and interaction routes, adverseeffects on human body and treatment procedures. Lead metal has been involved in human exercise from the past 6000years. In ancient cultures, lead was applied in the production of kitchen utensils, food pantries and other decorativeitems. Lead poisoning in developing countries is considered as a major risk factor and its exposure routes may involvefood, paint, soil, water and other lead containing products. The distribution of lead from blood to tissues takes 4 to 6weeks. Lead is poisonous to humans and has the most damaging effects on hemopoietic system. Some of the visibleeffected systems are nervous, reproductive and excretory systems. Lead poisoning can be treated using chelating agentswhich undergo complexation with lead and are then excreted through urinary tract.
Transition metal complexes, [M(COOPh)2(TMEDA)�(OH2)], (where M=Co+2 and Mn+2) and [Cu3(COOPh)2(TEA)2(CH3COO)2] have been synthesized by using sodium benzoate, tetramethyl-ethylenediamine and triethanolamine. The bonding nature and structure of complexes (1), (2) and (3) were explored through X-ray crystallography, IR, elemental analysis and magnetic studies. Single crystal X-ray analysis showed that in (1) and (2) complexes, each M (II) is bridged by two benzoate ions, one TMEDA and one water molecule while in (3) complex, Cu1 is coordinated by four oxygen atoms, two from TEA and two from carboxylate group while Cu2 is coordinated by three oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom. All three complexes displayed triclinic system with space group P-1. Vibrating sample magnetometer measurement justified that these complexes are soft magnetic materials and can retain a certain value of magnetization even when magnetic field is removed.
In this study, a simple chemical reduction method was employed to synthesize CuO-NPs. Various dicarboxylic acids were converted into Cu(II) salt of dicarboxylic acid which were used as precursors. NPs were produced by reducing precursors with NaBH4. Characteristics of synthesized NPs were investigated by using important analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Developed NPs were investigated for their antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains by employing agar well diffusion method. CuO-NPs exhibited good to moderate activity against E-Coli, B. Subtilis and poor activity against K. pneumonia and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was found that amongst all experienced compounds sample 2 showed good activity with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) 10 µg/mL (zone of inhibition: 22± 0.12 mm) while sample 3 showed poor activity with MIC 40 µg/mL (zone of inhibition: 8.0 ± 0.18 mm). KEY WORDS: CuO-NPs, Dicarboxylic acids, Sodium borohydride, Antibacterial study Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 323-334 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.10
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