The proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from tyrosine covalently linked to a metal complex has been studied. The reaction was induced by laser flash excitation of the metal complex, and PCET was bidirectional, with electron transfer to the excited or flash-quenched oxidized metal complex and proton transfer to water or added buffers in the solution. We found a competition between three different PCET mechanisms:  (1) A concerted PCET with water as the proton acceptor, which indeed shows a pH-dependence as earlier reported (Sjödin, M.; Styring, S.; Åkermark, B.; Sun, L.; Hammarström, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3932); (2) a stepwise electron transfer−proton transfer (ETPT) that is pH-independent; (3) a buffer-assisted concerted PCET. The relative importance of reaction 2 increases with oxidant strength, while that of reaction 1 increases with pH. At higher buffer concentrations reaction 3 becomes important, and the rate follows the expected first-order dependence on the concentration of the buffer base. Most importantly, the pH-dependence of reaction 1, with a slope of 0.4−0.5 in a plot of log k vs pH, is independent of buffer and cannot be explained by reaction schemes with simple first-order dependencies on [OH-], [H3O+], or buffer species.

The kinetics and mechanism of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from a series of phenols to a laser flash generated [Ru(bpy)(3)](3+) oxidant in aqueous solution was investigated. The reaction followed a concerted electron-proton transfer mechanism (CEP), both for the substituted phenols with an intramolecular hydrogen bond to a carboxylate group and for those where the proton was directly transferred to water. Without internal hydrogen bonds the concerted mechanism gave a characteristic pH-dependent rate for the phenol form that followed a Marcus free energy dependence, first reported for an intramolecular PCET in Sjödin, M. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3932-3962 and now demonstrated also for a bimolecular oxidation of unsubstituted phenol. With internal hydrogen bonds instead, the rate was no longer pH-dependent, because the proton was transferred to the carboxylate base. The results suggest that while a concerted reaction has a relatively high reorganization energy (lambda), this may be significantly reduced by the hydrogen bonds, allowing for a lower barrier reaction path. It is further suggested that this is a general mechanism by which proton-coupled electron transfer in radical enzymes and model complexes may be promoted by hydrogen bonding. This is different from, and possibly in addition to, the generally suggested effect of hydrogen bonds on PCET in enhancing the proton vibrational wave function overlap between the reactant and donor states. In addition we demonstrate how the mechanism for phenol oxidation changes from a stepwise electron transfer-proton transfer with a stronger oxidant to a CEP with a weaker oxidant, for the same series of phenols. The hydrogen bonded CEP reaction may thus allow for a low energy barrier path that can operate efficiently at low driving forces, which is ideal for PCET reactions in biological systems.