A furfuryl ester-terminated butylene succinate oligomer (FBSO) with M n 1800 and M w 2800 was synthesized by the condensation of furfuryl alcohol with a carboxyl-terminated butylene succinate oligomer. The reaction of FBSO and 1,1¢-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide (BMI) in chloroform at 60 1C for 48 h yielded an exo-rich Diels-Alder (DA) adduct ((P(FBSO-BMI)) with M n 9000 and M w 15 500. The gel permeation chromatography analysis of the products of heating a reaction mixture of P(FBSO-BMI) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 120 1C for 1 h revealed that FBSO and BMI are quantitatively recovered by the retro DA reaction. Maleimide/phenyl-substituted oligomeric silsesquioxane (MPOSS) was synthesized by the reaction of maleimidemethyl 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylcarbamate and triethoxyphenylsilane in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The DA reaction of FBSO and MPOSS in DMF at 60 1C for 48 h gave a partially crosslinked hybrid composite insoluble in general organic solvents. When the hybrid composite was heated in DMF at 140 1C, the retro DA reaction proceeded smoothly. The hybrid film prepared by casting a DMF solution of FBSO and MPOSS and subsequently heating at 60 1C for 48 h had a much higher flexural strength than FBSO did. Polymer Journal (2011) 43, 455-463; doi:10.1038/pj.2011.14; published online 2 March 2011 Keywords: bio-based polymer; Diels-Alder reaction; furan; maleimide; organic-inorganic hybrid; poly(butylene succinate); silsesquioxane INTRODUCTION Recently, biodegradable polymers derived from renewable agricultural and biomass feedstocks have been receiving considerable attention as sustainable and eco-efficient replacements for polymer products based exclusively on petroleum feedstocks. [1][2][3][4][5] For example, polylactide is a biodegradable polyester produced from starch by the fermentation of glucose via L-lactic acid. 6,7 Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is an industrially available biodegradable and potentially bio-based aliphatic polyester. [8][9][10] However, these aliphatic polyesters are inferior in mechanical and thermal properties to the conventional petroleumbased polymers. As environmentally benign reinforcing materials for bio-based and biodegradable polyesters, layered silicate nanocomposites have been the subject of many recent publications. 11-15 These nanocomposites often exhibit properties superior to those of conventional composites, including greater stiffness, thermal stability, improved barrier properties and enhanced flame retardant behavior. However, the influence of layered silicates on the biodegradability of the polyesters is still controversial, 11-13 and the environmental and toxicological implications of such nano-sized fillers are not fully understood. 15 We had already reported the crosslinking reaction of
It is well-known as Fitts' law that the time for a user to point a target on a GUI screen can be modeled as a linear function of "index of difficulty (ID)". The authors investigate whether the ID formulation is appropriate independently of device screen sizes. Result of our experiment revealed that the ID formulation may not consistently capture actual difficulty: users' pointing performances were not consistent among pointing target variations of which index of difficulty are consistent. The term A/W may not be appropriate because the term causes the observed inconsistency.
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