On documentation of a PCP case, we recommend PCP prophylaxis for a maximum period of 6 months (upper limit of incubation period) in all renal transplant recipients including those on regular maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.

In addition to effective suppression of antibody-induced complement activation, hTM expression in PAEC may be essential for regulating procoagulant activity in xenotransplantation.

Complement inhibition by upregulation of CD55 and CD59 through ERK1/2 inactivation might play a substantial role in accommodation after ABO-incompatible transplantation, which could also explain the intriguing finding of C4d deposition in the graft without rejection.

About 40% of patients with de novo DSA demonstrated biopsy-proven subclinical AMR, leading to progressive graft injury. To validate the intervention and treatment for de novo DSA-positive patients without renal dysfunction, further study is necessary.